HIV Sentinel Surveillance in Thailand — An Example for Developing Countries

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph R Frerichs ◽  
Kumnuan Ungchusak ◽  
Myo T Htoon ◽  
Roger Detels
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
And Control

The intent of the HIV sentinel surveillance program in Thailand, as in other countries, is to provide early warning of pending epidemics so that public health of ficials can intensify prevention and control activities to protect their communities. While the intention is clear, questions remain as to how sentinel groups should be selected and if they predict future HIV occurrence. Every six months, serum is collected in Thailand from a sample of six sentinel groups in all provinces of Thailand for determining the prevalence of HIV infection. Among the sentinel groups, the HIV epidemic is rapidly increasing in female sex-workers, males at STD clinics, and females at antenatal clinics, increasing less rapidly among blood donors, and remaining high among IV drug addicts. Two sentinel groups were found to be useful for predicting the future spread of the epidemic to women attending clinics: lower-class female sex-workers and males attending STD clinics.

scholarly journals Prevalence and incidence of HIV among female sex workers and their clients: modelling the potential effects of intervention in Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. e002300
Author(s):  
Sabin Nsanzimana ◽  
Edward J Mills ◽  
Ofir Harari ◽  
Placidie Mugwaneza ◽  
Etienne Karita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Hiv Epidemic

BackgroundRwanda has identified several targeted HIV prevention strategies, such as promotion of condom use and provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for female sex workers (FSWs). Given this country’s limited resources, understanding how the HIV epidemic will be affected by these strategies is crucial.MethodsWe developed a Markov model to estimate the effects of targeted strategies to FSWs on the HIV prevalence/incidence in Rwanda from 2017 to 2027. Our model consists of the six states: HIV-; HIV+ undiagnosed/diagnosed pre-ART; HIV+ diagnosed with/without ART; and death. We considered three populations: FSWs, sex clients and the general population. For the period 2017–2027, the HIV epidemic among each of these population was estimated using Rwanda’s demographic, sexual risk behaviour and HIV-associated morbidity and mortality data.ResultsBetween 2017 and 2027, with no changes in the current condom and ART use, the overall number of people living with HIV is expected to increase from 344,971 to 402,451. HIV incidence will also decrease from 1.36 to 1.20 100 person-years. By 2027, a 30% improvement in consistent condom use among FSWs will result in absolute reduction of HIV prevalence among FSWs, sex clients and the general population by 7.86%, 5.97% and 0.17%, respectively. While recurring HIV testing and improving the ART coverage mildly reduced the prevalence/incidence among FSWs and sex clients, worsening the two (shown by our worst-case scenario) will result in an increase in the HIV prevalence/incidence among FSWs and sex clients. Introduction of PrEP to FSWs in 2019 will reduce the HIV incidence among FSWs by 1.28%.ConclusionsContinued efforts toward improving condom and ART use will be critical for Rwanda to continue their HIV epidemic control. Implementing a targeted intervention strategy in PrEP for FSWs will reduce the HIV epidemic in this high-risk population.

Bias analysis to improve monitoring an HIV epidemic and its response: approach and application to a survey of female sex workers in Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 882-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mirzazadeh ◽  
Mohammad-Ali Mansournia ◽  
Saharnaz Nedjat ◽  
Soodabeh Navadeh ◽  
Willi McFarland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Bias Analysis ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Hiv Epidemic

scholarly journals HSV-2 as a biomarker of HIV epidemic potential in female sex workers: meta-analysis, global epidemiology and implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiam Chemaitelly ◽  
Helen A. Weiss ◽  
Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Global Epidemiology ◽  
Simplex Virus

Abstract This study investigated herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence utility as a predictor of HIV epidemic potential among female sex workers (FSWs) globally. We updated and analyzed a systematically-assembled database for paired HSV-2 and HIV seroprevalence measures among FSWs. The study identified 231 paired HSV-2/HIV prevalence measures from 40 countries. The pooled mean HIV prevalence using meta-analysis increased from 3.7% (95% CI 0.3–9.9%) among populations of FSWs with HSV-2 prevalence < 25% to 18.7% (95% CI 14.1–23.8%) among those with HSV-2 prevalence 75–100%. HIV prevalence was negligible in FSWs with HSV-2 prevalence ≤ 20% suggesting a threshold effect. Multivariable meta-regressions explained > 65% of HIV prevalence variation, and identified a strong positive HSV-2/HIV association. Compared to populations of FSWs with HSV-2 prevalence < 25%, adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of HIV infection increased from 2.8 (95% CI 1.2–6.3) in those with HSV-2 prevalence 25–49%, to 13.4 (95% CI 6.1–29.9) in those with HSV-2 prevalence 75–100%. HSV-2 is a strong predictor of HIV epidemic potential among FSWs. HSV-2 prevalence of 25–49% indicates potential for intermediate-intensity HIV epidemics, with higher levels indicative of large epidemics. HSV-2 surveillance could inform HIV preparedness in countries where HIV prevalence among FSWs is still limited or at zero-level.

Trends in HIV prevalence among people injecting drugs, men having sex with men, and female sex workers in Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (13) ◽  
pp. 1337-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostyantyn Dumchev ◽  
Yana Sazonova ◽  
Tetiana Salyuk ◽  
Olga Varetska
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Generation Surveillance

Once recognized as the most severe in Europe, the HIV epidemic in Ukraine is concentrated among people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and female sex workers. Integrated biobehavioral surveys, as a part of the second generation surveillance, are used to monitor HIV infection trends in key populations since 2002. The present paper is focused on the analysis of HIV prevalence trends in four nationally representative rounds of integrated biobehavioral surveys from 2008/9, 2011, 2013, and 2015 in people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and female sex workers. Between 2008/9 and 2015, the HIV prevalence has decreased significantly in people who inject drugs (24.2 to 22.0%) and female sex workers (13.6 to 6.3%), while the change in men who have sex with men was not significant (8.5 to 7.8%). There was a significant increase in people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men between 2013 and 2015. In subgroups younger than 25 years, prevalence increased more than twofold in men who have sex with men (1.9 to 4.3%), with no changes in people who inject drugs and female sex workers. The observed decline in prevalence, especially in young subgroups, may result from the effect of extensive prevention efforts on drug injection-related transmission. Recent increase in young men who have sex with men may be a sign of a new wave of the epidemic in this group.

Trends in risk behaviors among female sex workers in south India: Priorities for sustaining the reversal of HIV epidemic

AIDS Care ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1129-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bimal Charles ◽  
Lakshmanan Jeyaseelan ◽  
Asirvatham Edwin Sam ◽  
Arvind Kumar Pandian ◽  
Mani Thenmozhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
South India ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Hiv Epidemic

A behaviour sentinel surveillance for female sex workers in the Social Hygiene Service in Hong Kong (1999–2000)

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 815-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kam Tim Chan ◽  
King Man Ho ◽  
Kuen Kong Lo
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Social Hygiene ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
The Government

Behavioural serial sentinel surveillance survey for female sex workers (FSWs) was carried out in the Government Social Hygiene Clinics in Hong Kong during 1999 and 2000. A total of 1366 and 1451 FSWs participated in the questionnaire survey respectively. The results showed that the majority of FSWs attending the clinics were of Chinese ethnicity (83.8%, 87.6%) while Thai (13.0%, 9.4%) and Filipino (2.1%, 2.7%) were the main foreign ethnic groups. The karaoke night club was the most frequent reported workplace (32.0%, 32.6%) followed by a club (8.9%, 11.7%) and free-lancing (8.6%, 9.0%). The proportion of FSWs who always used condoms in vaginal sex with commercial sex partners was 70.9% and 75.0% respectively ( P = 0.038). Compared with previous results, a rising trend of condom use by FSWs in commercial sex was observed. However, there was a relatively low condom use during commercial oral sexual intercourse (30.7%, 36.6%) and sex with their regular sex partners in all forms of sexual activities. Client dislike is the main attributed factor for not wearing condoms. The point prevalence of both infectious syphilis and HIV infection was 0.1% in both years. These data are useful for planning, resource allocation and evaluation of outreach activities and STI services targeting at FSWs and their clients. They provide a sampling framework for further surveillance.

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