Brexpiprazole: a new leaf on the partial dopamine agonist branch

Objectives: Brexpiprazole is a new dopamine partial agonist antipsychotic in the same class as aripiprazole. This paper will briefly review brexpiprazole and compare it with aripiprazole. Conclusions: Brexpiprazole and aripiprazole are both partial agonists at dopamine D2, and serotonin 5-HT1A and antagonists at serotonin 5-HT2A and noradrenergic α1B receptors. However, the two drugs are significantly different in potencies at various receptors; neurochemical profiles predict that brexpiprazole may be comparable with aripiprazole in its antipsychotic efficacy but may cause less akathisia, extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and activation. In pivotal trials brexpiprazole demonstrated antipsychotic efficacy in short and long-term studies; it was also found to be an effective adjunct in patients with major depression resistant to antidepressants. Akathisia can occur early in treatment with brexpiprazole, as can minor weight gain and prolactin elevation. Indirect data extrapolations from pivotal studies suggest that brexpiprazole and aripiprazole have comparable efficacy but brexpiprazole may cause less akathisia. Like aripiprazole, brexpiprazole has been approved in the USA for use in schizophrenia and antidepressant-resistant depression. Although much more clinical experience is needed, brexpiprazole appears to be distinct from aripiprazole and a promising new ‘metabolically-friendly’ antipsychotic option for treatment of psychoses and mood disorders.

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Aripiprazole: A New Atypical Antipsychotic Drug

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1c297 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 687-694 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Toya M Bowles ◽

Gary M Levin

Keyword(s):

Partial Agonist ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Comparable Efficacy ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Study Selection ◽

Acute Exacerbations ◽

Serotonin 2A ◽

Long Term Studies

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of aripiprazole for the treatment of schizophrenia. DATA SOURCES: Information was selected from MEDLINE (1995–August 2002). Abstracts, scientific posters, and presentations were also used. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION: All published information regarding the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical characteristics of aripiprazole was considered. Studies providing a comprehensive description of aripiprazole were selected. DATA SYNTHESIS: Aripiprazole is a dopamine partial agonist and a serotonin-2A antagonist; it is dosed 10–30 mg/d, with no initial titration necessary. Short-term clinical trials demonstrated efficacy in acute exacerbations, and long-term studies showed that aripiprazole can maintain remission of schizophrenia. Most adverse events were mild. The incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms was low, with akathisia being the most common. CONCLUSIONS: Aripiprazole currently demonstrates comparable efficacy and safety for use in schizophrenia.

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Short- and long-term studies of sediment dynamics in a small humid mountain Mediterranean basin with badlands

Geomorphology ◽

10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.05.028 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 196 ◽

pp. 242-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

F. Gallart ◽

N. Pérez-Gallego ◽

J. Latron ◽

G. Catari ◽

N. Martínez-Carreras ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Basin ◽

Sediment Dynamics ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Long Term Studies

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Effect of Pericampylus glaucus on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v11i1.24593 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Kifayatullah ◽

Pinaki Sengupta

Keyword(s):

Lipid Profile ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Plasma Glucose Concentration ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Different Doses ◽

Long Term Studies

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Pericampylus glaucus extract on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract were administered orally at three different doses (400, 600 and 800 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (20 mg/kg p.o.) for 21 days after 72 hours of streptozotocin injection. During the short- and long-term studies, the extract was found to possess significant (p<0.01, p<0.001) anti-diabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats compared with untreated normal and untreated diabetic group. It also caused reduction in the level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL etc. and improvement in the HDL level compared with untreated diabetic rats. Reduction in the fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, LDL, creatinine levels and improvement in the HDL by P. glaucus indicates that plant has anti-diabetic activity along with anti hyperlipidemic efficacy and provides a scientific rationale for the use.

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Forecasting of COVID-19 Reproduction Number by ARIMA Methodology and Quantile Estimation based on Best Fit Distribution by L- moments for Top-10 Affected Countries

10.21203/rs.3.rs-471180/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Waqas ◽

Songhua Xu ◽

Linyun Zhou

Keyword(s):

Reproduction Number ◽

Quantile Estimation ◽

The Usa ◽

L Moments ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Long Term Forecasting ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Uk ◽

Health Experts

Abstract We utilized the average weekly estimated reproduction number data of COVID-19 from March (2020–2021). By applying ARIMA and L-moments methodology, short-and-long-term forecasting of R0 is made for Govt. officials and public health experts to take before-time policy measures to control the spread of novel coronavirus. This study helps medical staff to measure the expected demand of COVID-19 vaccine doses. We applied various ARIMA models on each country’s data and the best selected based on RMSE, AIC, and BIC for point and interval forecasting. Application L-Moments techniques selected GLO, GEV, and GNO distributions and quantile estimation with return period calculations. The forecasting shows that maximum countries mean R0 > 1, which is still a serious threat and can lead to heath disaster. The forecasting provided an alarming situation in the coming months for India, France, Turkey, and Spain; health experts should take strict measures because the cases rise due to the high R0 forecast. The USA, Russia, and the UK mean R0 will not suddenly increase; these countries consistent in COVID-19 R0 control. We find that even the significant population differences prevail among selected countries, the R0 is still high in maximum countries, so its a dire need to take strict control actions to minimize the R0 for public safety.

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The Current Dietary Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food Underestimates the Actual Risk

CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry ◽

10.2533/chimia.2019.832 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (10) ◽

pp. 832-834

Author(s):

Jürg A. Zarn ◽

H. Christoph Geiser

Keyword(s):

Daily Intake ◽

Added Value ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Exposure Levels ◽

Design Factors ◽

Dietary Risk Assessment ◽

Long Term Studies

Dietary risk assessments (DRA) help determine safe exposure levels of toxic substances in food. Of these, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), derived from No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAEL) of long-term toxicity studies, is compared to exposure estimates using lifetime-averaged food intakes. These estimates ignore intermittent high exposures exceeding the ADI; toxic effects of such exposures are considered irrelevant, on the assumption that toxic potency increases with exposure duration, which would be reflected by decreasing NOAELs. However, our statistical analysis of thousands of animal toxicology studies shows that NOAELs after short- and long-term exposure are similar if study design factors are considered. Thus, the short- and long-term potency effects of chemicals are similar. Hence, a short-term toxic effect is generally ignored in current DRA. It accounts for lifetime-averaged but not intermittent high food intakes and, therefore, must be revised. Additionally, there is no added value of long-term studies for ADI derivation.

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Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole in patients with schizophrenia presenting with severe symptoms: Post-hoc analysis of short- and long-term studies

Journal of Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1177/0269881120936485 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (8) ◽

pp. 829-838

Author(s):

Nicole Meade ◽

Lily Shi ◽

Stine R Meehan ◽

Catherine Weiss ◽

Zahinoor Ismail

Keyword(s):

Least Squares ◽

Social Performance ◽

Mean Difference ◽

Syndrome Scale ◽

Scale Total Score ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Negative Syndrome ◽

Performance Scale ◽

Long Term Studies

Background: The treatment of patients with severe schizophrenia symptoms can be complicated and expensive. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of brexpiprazole in patients with schizophrenia presenting with severe symptoms. Methods: Data were pooled from three six-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies and two 52-week, open-label extension studies. In the short-term studies, 1405 patients received placebo or brexpiprazole 2–4 mg/day; 412 brexpiprazole-treated patients rolled over into the long-term studies and received brexpiprazole 1–4 mg/day. More severe symptoms were defined as a Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total score >95 (median score at baseline). Outcomes included change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total and Personal and Social Performance scale scores. Results: Brexpiprazole improved Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total score over 6 weeks among more severely ill patients, with a least squares mean difference versus placebo of −6.76 (95% confidence limits: −9.80, −3.72; p<0.0001; Cohen’s d: 0.43). Brexpiprazole also improved Personal and Social Performance scale score over 6 weeks in more severely ill patients (least squares mean difference: 4.38; limits: 2.14, 6.62; p=0.0001; Cohen’s d: 0.38). Improvement of functioning was greatest in the ‘Self-care’ domain, followed by ‘Personal and social relationships’. Among less severely ill patients, brexpiprazole was superior to placebo on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total and Personal and Social Performance scale at Week 6. Improvements were maintained over 58 weeks. No new safety or tolerability concerns were observed. Conclusions: Brexpiprazole is an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment for schizophrenia in patients with more severe, and less severe, symptoms.

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Tofacitinib: efficiency and safety in long-term use

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2019-1-64-71 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 64-71

Author(s):

N. V. Chichasova

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Functional Ability ◽

Standard Therapy ◽

Effective Drug ◽

Highly Effective ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Long Term Studies

The article presents the data of international and domestic controlled studies, in which the effectiveness of topacitinib in the period of 6-24 months is evaluated in respect of clinical and laboratory manifestations of RA activity, progression of destructive arthritis and functional ability of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Also the data of efficiency and safety of tofacitinib in long terms - up to 96 months - are given. According to the results of short- and long-term studies, tofacitinib is a highly effective drug for the treatment of patients with active RA who have not responded to standard therapy with UCVD and GIBP. Tofacitinib is also highly effective in monotherapy. Tolerability of the drug is comparable with other variants of RA treatment.

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Air pollution, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and COVID-19 outcomes: A state-of-the-science review of a rapidly evolving research area

10.1101/2020.08.16.20175901 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anushka Bhaskar ◽

Jay Chandra ◽

Danielle Braun ◽

Jacqueline Cellini ◽

Francesca Dominici

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Time Series ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Study Design ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Short Term ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Long Term Studies

Background: As the coronavirus pandemic rages on, 692,000 (August 7, 2020) human lives and counting have been lost worldwide to COVID-19. Understanding the relationship between short- and long-term exposure to air pollution and adverse COVID-19 health outcomes is crucial for developing solutions to this global crisis. Objectives: To conduct a scoping review of epidemiologic research on the link between short- and long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 health outcomes. Method: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, MedRxiv, and BioRxiv for preliminary epidemiological studies of the association between air pollution and COVID-19 health outcomes. 28 papers were finally selected after applying our inclusion/exclusion criteria; we categorized these studies as long-term studies, short-term time-series studies, or short-term cross-sectional studies. One study included both short-term time-series and a cross-sectional study design. Results: 27 studies of the 28 reported evidence of statistically significant positive associations between air pollutant exposure and adverse COVID-19 health outcomes; 11 of 12 long-term studies and all 16 short-term studies reported statistically significant positive associations. The 28 identified studies included various confounders, spatial and temporal resolutions of pollution concentrations, and COVID-19 health outcomes. Discussion: We discuss methodological challenges and highlight additional research areas based on our findings. Challenges include data quality issues, ecological study design limitations, improved adjustment for confounders, exposure errors related to spatial resolution, geographic variability in testing, mitigation measures and pandemic stage, clustering of health outcomes, and a lack of publicly available data and code.

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The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis, Does It Sustain?

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v8n10p82 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 82 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bashar Al-Zu'bi ◽

Hussein Salameh ◽

Qasim Mousa Abu Eid

Keyword(s):

Financial Crisis ◽

Stock Market ◽

Global Financial Crisis ◽

Stock Market Index ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Global Financial Crisis ◽

The Impact

This paper studies the short and long term relationship between S&P500 USA stock market index and the stock market indices of 30 countries around the world over the period June 2010-April 2015. We implement OLS regression and use error correction model to examine the short and long term relationship between the variables. Empirically, we find that there is a relationship on the short and long term between S&P500 and the indices of 27 countries from East Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East as well as the countries of Australia and Canada. These results conclude that the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 significantly and lengthy increased the already high level of co-movement between the USA financial market and the observed stock market for 27 countries around the world. The findings from our research are important; however, we believe that further research based on our findings is necessary.

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