Brain lesions associated with acute toxic hepatopathy in cattle

Samples of the liver, telencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum were obtained from 22 bovids suffering from spontaneous or experimental acute toxic liver disease. Perreyia flavipes larvae, and leaves of Cestrum corymbosum, Cestrum intermedium, Dodonaea viscosa, Trema micrantha, and Xanthium cavanillesii were the causal agents in the disorders studied. Hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid–Schiff staining, as well as anti-S100 protein (anti-S100), anti–glial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP), and anti-vimentin immunostaining were used to evaluate the brain sections. Astrocytic changes were observed in all samples and were characterized by swollen vesicular nuclei in gray (Alzheimer type II astrocytes) and white matter; and by abundant eosinophilic or vacuolated cytoplasm with pyknotic nuclei in the white matter. These changes were evidenced by anti-S100 and anti-GFAP immunostaining. Our study demonstrates major changes in astrocytes of cattle that died with neurologic clinical signs as the result of acute toxic liver disease.

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Globoid Cell Leucodystrophy in Polled Dorset Sheep

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/030098588001700402 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 399-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

D. H. Pritchard ◽

D. V. Napthine ◽

A. J. Sinclair

Keyword(s):

White Matter ◽

Hind Limb ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Histologic Changes ◽

The Brain ◽

Globoid Cell Leucodystrophy ◽

Globoid Cell ◽

Globoid Cells

Globoid cell leucodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) was diagnosed in two Polled Dorset sheep from a stud farm. Clinical signs were hind limb incoordination progressing to tetraplegia. Histologic changes in white matter of the brain were myelin destruction, loss of oligodendroglia, astrogliosis and accumulation of distinctive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive globoid cells. The activities of galactocerebroside β-galactosidase, the lysosomal enzyme specifically deficient in globoid leucodystrophy, and of three other glycosidase enzymes were compared in brain tissue of one affected and six unaffected sheep. Activities of the three nonspecific glycosidases were similar in all seven brains. Galactocerebrosidase activity was similar in the six control sheep, but in the affected brain was less than 6% of the control mean.

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Deep learning-based transformation of H&E stained tissues into special stains

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-25221-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kevin de Haan ◽

Yijie Zhang ◽

Jonathan E. Zuckerman ◽

Tairan Liu ◽

Anthony E. Sisk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Inspection ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Needle Core Biopsy ◽

Silver Stain ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Tissue Sections ◽

Biopsy Tissue ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin

AbstractPathology is practiced by visual inspection of histochemically stained tissue slides. While the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is most commonly used, special stains can provide additional contrast to different tissue components. Here, we demonstrate the utility of supervised learning-based computational stain transformation from H&E to special stains (Masson’s Trichrome, periodic acid-Schiff and Jones silver stain) using kidney needle core biopsy tissue sections. Based on the evaluation by three renal pathologists, followed by adjudication by a fourth pathologist, we show that the generation of virtual special stains from existing H&E images improves the diagnosis of several non-neoplastic kidney diseases, sampled from 58 unique subjects (P = 0.0095). A second study found that the quality of the computationally generated special stains was statistically equivalent to those which were histochemically stained. This stain-to-stain transformation framework can improve preliminary diagnoses when additional special stains are needed, also providing significant savings in time and cost.

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Evaluation of Better Staining Method among Hematoxylin and Eosin, Giemsa and Periodic Acid Schiff-Alcian Blue for the Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsies

Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.21315/mjms2020.27.5.6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 53-61

Author(s):

Abdullah Saleh Alkhamiss

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Alcian Blue ◽

National Guard ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Giemsa Stain ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Gastric Biopsies ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽

H Pylori ◽

Sensitivity Specificity

Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the preferred method (Giemsa or periodic acid Schiff-Alcian blue [PAS-AB] stains) of detecting Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in gastric mucosal biopsies in terms of sensitivity, specificity and applicability. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first report comparing Giemsa and PAS-AB staining for the detection of H. pylori in such biopsies. Methods: The formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of 49 gastric biopsies from different patients were collected from the archive of anatomical pathology at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. From each block, three slides were prepared and analysed using the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Giemsa and PAS-AB stains to detect the presence/absence of H. pylori, and the results were compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity and applicability. Results: The majority of the biopsies in this study showed antrum-type gastric mucosa. Only 15 biopsies showed active gastritis, whereas the rest showed chronic gastritis. Three biopsies showed intestinal metaplasia. All were detected by PAS-AB stain, but only two-thirds were detected by H&E stain. Fifteen gastric biopsies showed H. pylori infection in general and in 13 of them, active gastritis cases were discovered. Fourteen out of these 15 H. pylori infection cases were detected by Giemsa stain, whereas only 13 cases were detected by H&E stain. PAS-AB stain showed the worst results since it demonstrated only 40% sensitivity and 67.65% specificity in H. pylori detection. Conclusion: Giemsa stain has better sensitivity and specificity in gastric H. pylori infection detection than PAS-AB. Therefore, using PAS-AB stain to detect H. pylori infection is not recommended.

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Effects of parathyroid extract. II: changes preceding renal calcification

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.203.4.676 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 203 (4) ◽

pp. 676-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Reagan H. Bradford ◽

R. Palmer Howard ◽

Walter Joel ◽

Jerry Puls ◽

M. R. Shetlar

Keyword(s):

Serum Albumin ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Blue Staining ◽

Alcian Blue Staining ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Protein Ratio ◽

Parathyroid Extract ◽

Staining Techniques ◽

Consistent Increase ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin

Parathyroid extract, a total of 860 units, has been administered to rats in small, progressively increasing doses over a period of 12 days. The effects on serum protein, total glycoprotein, glycoprotein/protein ratio, calcium, individual protein and glycoprotein fractions, and renal calcification have been presented. Kidney sections from each rat were studied by histochemical techniques for calcification, neutral polysaccharide, and acid mucopolysaccharide. The serum total glycoprotein, glycoprotein/protein ratio, and calcium were found to be elevated. The serum albumin was decreased, whereas the globulin fractions were essentially unchanged. The globulin glycoprotein hexose, mostly α1-globulin, was increased; albumin glycoprotein hexose showed a somewhat less consistent increase. A "precalcification" periodic acid-Schiff-staining intraluminal material was demonstrated in the kidney after parathyroid extract treatment for 4 days. This was followed approximately 2 days later by Alcian blue-staining material and calcification demonstrable by hematoxylin and eosin and by Kóssa staining techniques. This has been interpreted as suggesting a glycoprotein-containing lesion which precedes calcification.

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Deep Learning-Based Spermatogenic Staging Assessment for Hematoxylin and Eosin-Stained Sections of Rat Testes

Toxicologic Pathology ◽

10.1177/0192623320969678 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 019262332096967

Author(s):

Dianne M. Creasy ◽

Satish T. Panchal ◽

Rohit Garg ◽

Pranab Samanta

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Digital Images ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Wistar Rat ◽

Specialized Training ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Automated Method ◽

Histopathological Evaluation ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽

Sensitive Method

In preclinical toxicology studies, a “stage-aware” histopathological evaluation of testes is recognized as the most sensitive method to detect effects on spermatogenesis. A stage-aware evaluation requires the pathologist to be able to identify the different stages of the spermatogenic cycle. Classically, this evaluation has been performed using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained sections to visualize the morphology of the developing spermatid acrosome, but due to the complexity of the rat spermatogenic cycle and the subtlety of the criteria used to distinguish between the 14 stages of the cycle, staging of tubules is not only time consuming but also requires specialized training and practice to become competent. Using different criteria, based largely on the shape and movement of the elongating spermatids within the tubule and pooling some of the stages, it is possible to stage tubules using routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections, thereby negating the need for a special PAS stain. These criteria have been used to develop an automated method to identify the stages of the rat spermatogenic cycle in digital images of H&E-stained Wistar rat testes. The algorithm identifies the spermatogenic stage of each tubule, thereby allowing the pathologist to quickly evaluate the testis in a stage-aware manner and rapidly calculate the stage frequencies.

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Pathological Findings in the Pituitary Glands of Dogs and Cats

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/0300985818784162 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 880-888 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Laura Polledo ◽

Guy C. M. Grinwis ◽

Peter Graham ◽

Mark Dunning ◽

Kerstin Baiker

Keyword(s):

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Histopathological Diagnosis ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽

Nodular Hyperplasia ◽

Cystic Changes ◽

Pituitary Glands ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin

With the exception of classic functional adenomas in dogs and horses, pituitary lesions are infrequently described in the veterinary literature. Approximately 10% of pituitary glands from asymptomatic humans contain abnormalities, but the equivalent proportion in small animals is unknown. Pituitary glands from 136 dogs and 65 cats collected during routine necropsies were examined to determine the prevalence of pituitary lesions and their histopathological diagnosis. Lesions were characterized in sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Gordon and Sweet’s and reticulin stains, and immunohistochemistry for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone–α, and prolactin. Pituitary abnormalities were identified in 36 of 136 (26.4%) dogs and 10 of 65 (15.3%) cats. Cystic changes were the most common lesion, occurring in 18 (13.2%) dogs and 8 (12.3%) cats. Pituitary neoplasia was detected in 14.1% (12/85) of middle-aged and old dogs; 1 (1.5%) cat had pituitary nodular hyperplasia. PAS and reticulin stains helped differentiate ACTH-immunoreactive adenomas from hyperplastic nodules: adenomas contained PAS-positive intracytoplasmic granules and loss of the normal reticulin network. One dog had a pituitary carcinoma with infiltration into the thalamus. Other pituitary abnormalities included secondary metastases (2 dogs) and hypophysitis (4 dogs, 1 cat). In most cases, the lesion appeared to be subclinical and could be considered incidental, whereas clinical manifestations were apparent in only 4 dogs (2.9%) and none of the cats with pituitary lesions. Pituitary abnormalities are common in dogs and cats, and their clinical relevance requires further investigation.

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Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in a Group of Related Cats

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/104063879300500414 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 585-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

K. Paige Carmichael ◽

Elizabeth W. Howerth ◽

John E. Oliver ◽

Kurt Klappenbach

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Hind Limb ◽

Coat Color ◽

Amorphous Material ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Dystrophic Axons ◽

Positive Core

A syndrome resembling previously described feline hereditary neuroaxonal dystrophy (FHND) was diagnosed in a litter of cats. The disorder was characterized by a sudden onset of hind limb ataxia that slowly progressed to hind limb paresis and paralysis. The cats were between 6 and 9 months old when clinical signs were first noted. Histologically, there was marked ballooning of axonal processes, with spheroid formation and vacuolation in specific regions of the brain and spinal cord. Some dystrophic axons contained a central periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive core. Neuronal loss and gliosis were seen in certain brain stem nuclei, spinal cord nuclei, and the cerebellum. Ultrastructurally, there was hypomyelination and dysmyelination of affected axons. The PAS-positive core in dystrophic axons corresponded ultrastructurally with accumulations of electrondense, flocculent, amorphous material. In addition, these axons contained membrane-bound osmiophilic bodies and large nonmembrane-bound vacuoles. The syndrome in this report differs from the previously described FHND in that no inner ear involvement was seen and onset of clinical signs occurred at a later age. In addition, although some of the affected cats did have diluted coat colors, abnormal coat color was not always associated with clinical disease. This disease is similar to juvenile neuroaxonal dystrophy in children and to neuroaxonal dystrophies described in horses, dogs, cattle, and sheep.

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Spontaneous Lung Lesions in Aging Laboratory Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/0300985816658102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 178-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. K. Cooper ◽

J. W. Griffith ◽

Z. C. Chroneos ◽

J. M. Izer ◽

L. B. Willing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Actin ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Genetic Defect ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Heterotopic Bone ◽

Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Age Related

Spontaneous age-related lesions of laboratory rabbits are not well documented in the contemporary scientific literature. A retrospective study of diagnostic necropsies of 36 rabbits >2 years of age found a number of common lung lesions. Fibromuscular intimal hyperplasia affected medium and to a lesser extent large pulmonary arteries and was present to a variable extent in all 36 rabbits >2 years of age. The lesions were characterized by fragmentation and/or reduplication of the internal elastic lamina (IEL), proliferation of smoothelin+/alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+/vimentin− smooth muscle cells and fewer smoothelin−/α-SMA+/vimentin+ myofibroblasts, and intimal deposition of collagen without thrombosis, embolism, or evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary emphysema, present in 30/36 rabbits, was characterized by the loss of alveolar septa; most affected rabbits did not have clinical signs of respiratory disease. In 8/13 rabbits of the inbred EIII/JC audiogenic strain, we identified a unique syndrome of granulomatous pneumonia containing hyaline brown to gray, globular to ring-like acellular material that was Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff positive. The material was immunoreactive for surfactant protein-A and had the ultrastructural appearance of multilamellar vesicles, suggesting a genetic defect in surfactant metabolism. Additionally, we found small benign primary lung tumors (fibropapillomas, 5 rabbits) not previously described. Other findings included heterotopic bone (5 rabbits), subacute to chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia, pyogranulomatous pneumonia with plant material, and pulmonary artifacts from barbiturate euthanasia solution.

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Globoid Cell-like Leukodystrophy in a Domestic Longhaired Cat

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1354/vp.39-4-494 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 494-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

C. J. Sigurdson ◽

R. J. Basaraba ◽

E. M. Mazzaferro ◽

D. H. Gould

Keyword(s):

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Krabbe Disease ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Nervous Systems ◽

Central Nervous Systems ◽

Mental Regression ◽

Globoid Cell ◽

Globoid Cells

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD; Krabbe disease), is a rare heritable metabolic disorder in humans, dogs, mutant twitcher mice, and rhesus monkeys that is caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC). GALC deficiency results in the accumulation of psychosine, which is toxic to oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Clinical signs include hypotonia, mental regression, and death by 2 years of age in most human patients. Here we describe a domestic longhaired kitten with rapidly progressive neurologic disease and brain and spinal cord lesions characteristic of GLD. Pathologic hallmarks of the disease reflect the loss of oligodendrocytes and include myelin loss, gliosis, and the perivascular accumulation of large mononuclear cells with fine cytoplasmic vacuoles (globoid cells) in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Globoid cells were CD68 and ferritin positive, confirming their monocytic origin, and cytoplasmic contents were nonmetachromatic and periodic acid-Schiff positive.

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Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease in Florida Is Associated With Disruption of Host–Zooxanthellae Physiology

Frontiers in Marine Science ◽

10.3389/fmars.2020.576013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Jan H. Landsberg ◽

Yasunari Kiryu ◽

Esther C. Peters ◽

Patrick W. Wilson ◽

Noretta Perry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Wall ◽

Chromatin Condensation ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Host Cells ◽

Tissue Loss ◽

Coral Tissue ◽

Crystalline Inclusion ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Stony Coral

Samples from eight species of corals (Colpophyllia natans, Dendrogyra cylindrus, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Meandrina meandrites, Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella faveolata, Pseudodiploria strigosa, and Siderastrea siderea) that exhibited gross clinical signs of acute, subacute, or chronic tissue loss attributed to stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) were collected from the Florida Reef Tract during 2016–2018 and examined histopathologically. The hallmark microscopic lesion seen in all eight species was focal to multifocal lytic necrosis (LN) originating in the gastrodermis of the basal body wall (BBW) and extending to the calicodermis, with more advanced lesions involving the surface body wall. This was accompanied by other degenerative changes in host cells such as mucocyte hypertrophy, degradation and fragmentation of gastrodermal architecture, and disintegration of the mesoglea. Zooxanthellae manifested various changes including necrosis (cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, pyknosis); peripheral nuclear chromatin condensation; cytoplasmic vacuolation accompanied by deformation, swelling, or atrophy; swollen accumulation bodies; prominent pyrenoids; and degraded chloroplasts. Polyhedral intracytoplasmic eosinophilic periodic acid–Schiff-positive crystalline inclusion bodies (∼1–10 μm in length) were seen only in M. cavernosa and P. strigosa BBW gastrodermis in or adjacent to active lesions and some unaffected areas (without surface lesions) of diseased colonies. Coccoidlike or coccobacilloidlike structures (Gram-neutral) reminiscent of microorganisms were occasionally associated with LN lesions or seen in apparently healthy tissue of diseased colonies along with various parasites and other bacteria all considered likely secondary colonizers. Of the 82 samples showing gross lesions of SCTLD, 71 (87%) were confirmed histologically to have LN. Collectively, pathology indicates that SCTLD is the result of a disruption of host–symbiont physiology with lesions originating in the BBW leading to detachment and sloughing of tissues from the skeleton. Future investigations could focus on identifying the cause and pathogenesis of this process.

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