The comparative pathology of enterocolitis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C, Clostridioides difficile, Paeniclostridium sordellii, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horses

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110410
Author(s):  
Fábio S. Mendonça ◽  
Mauricio A. Navarro ◽  
Francisco A. Uzal
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
San Bernardino ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Type C ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrates ◽  
Microscopic Pathology

To determine if there were significant differences produced by 5 of the most prevalent causes of equine enterocolitis, we studied retrospectively the gross and microscopic pathology of 90 cases of enterocolitis submitted to the San Bernardino laboratory of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory. Included were cases caused by Clostridium perfringens type C (CP; n = 20), Clostridioides difficile (CD; n = 20), Paeniclostridium sordellii (PS; n = 15), Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST; n = 20), and NSAID intoxication (NS; n = 15). Grossly, necrotizing hemorrhagic typhlocolitis was seen most frequently in cases of CD, ST, and NS disease. Cases of CP and PS had enteritis or colitis in similar percentages. Congestion, hemorrhage, and pleocellular inflammatory infiltrates followed by mucosal and submucosal necrosis were the main lesions found in horses with enteritis or colitis produced by any of the etiologic agents investigated. Severe lesions were more frequent in cases of CD and CP than in cases associated with any of the other 3 etiologies. Pseudomembranes were observed with similar prevalence in the small intestine and colon affected by all agents studied. Thrombosis of the lamina propria and/or submucosa was observed in ~50% of the cases of enteritis and colitis by all etiologies, except for PS, in which the majority of the cases had thrombosis. Gross and microscopic lesions of enterocolitis were not sufficiently specific for any of these etiologic agents to enable these enteritides to be distinguished by gross and/or histologic examination.

scholarly journals A Live Oral Recombinant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Vaccine Expressing Clostridium perfringens Antigens Confers Protection against Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Kulkarni ◽  
V. R. Parreira ◽  
Y.-F. Jiang ◽  
J. F. Prescott
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Hypothetical Protein ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
B Cell Epitopes ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Resultant Plasmid

ABSTRACT Necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens is caused by Clostridium perfringens, and there is currently no effective vaccine for NE. We previously showed that in broiler chickens protection against NE can be achieved through intramuscular immunization with alpha toxin (AT) and hypothetical protein (HP), and we subsequently identified B-cell epitopes in HP. In the present study, we identified B-cell epitopes in AT recognized by chickens immune to NE. The gene fragments encoding immunodominant epitopes of AT as well as those of HP were codon optimized for Salmonella and cloned into pYA3493, and the resultant plasmid constructs were introduced into an attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium χ9352 vaccine vehicle. The expression of these C lostridium perfringens proteins, alpha toxoid (ATd) and truncated HP (HPt), was confirmed by immunoblotting. The protection of broiler chickens against experimentally induced NE was assessed at both the moderate and the severe levels of challenge. Birds immunized orally with Salmonella expressing ATd were significantly protected against moderate NE, and there was a nonsignificant trend for protection against severe challenge, whereas HPt-immunized birds were significantly protected against both severities of challenge. Immunized birds developed serum IgY and mucosal IgA and IgY antibody responses against Clostridium and Salmonella antigens. In conclusion, this study identified, for the first time, the B-cell epitopes in AT from an NE isolate recognized by chickens and showed the partial protective ability of codon-optimized ATd and HPt against NE in broiler chickens when they were delivered orally by using a Salmonella vaccine vehicle.

scholarly journals Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Expressing the Carboxy-Terminal Domain of Alpha Toxin from Clostridium perfringens Induces Protective Responses against Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bereket Zekarias ◽  
Hua Mo ◽  
Roy Curtiss
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Alpha Toxin ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE) is a widespread disease in chickens that causes high mortality and reduced growth performance. Traditionally, NE was controlled by the routine application of antimicrobials in the feed, a practice that currently is unpopular. Consequently, there has been an increase in the occurrence of NE, and it has become a threat to the current objective of antimicrobial-free farming. The pathogenesis of NE is associated with the proliferation of C. perfringens in the small intestine and the secretion of large amounts of alpha toxin, the major virulence factor. Since there is no vaccine for NE, we have developed a candidate live oral recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine (RASV) that delivers a nontoxic fragment of alpha toxin. The 3′ end of the plc gene, encoding the C-terminal domain of alpha toxin (PlcC), was cloned into plasmids that enable the expression and secretion of PlcC fused to a signal peptide. Plasmids were inserted into Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium host strain χ8914, which has attenuating pabA and pabB deletion mutations. Three-day-old broiler chicks were orally immunized with 109 CFU of the vaccine strain and developed alpha toxin-neutralizing serum antibodies. When serum from these chickens was added into C. perfringens broth cultures, bacterial growth was suppressed. In addition, immunofluorescent microscopy showed that serum antibodies bind to the bacterial surface. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA titers in RASV-immunized chickens were low; however, when the chickens were given a parenteral boost injection with a purified recombinant PlcC protein (rPlcC), the RASV-immunized chickens mounted rapid high serum IgG and bile IgA titers exceeding those primed by rPlcC injection. RASV-immunized chickens had reduced intestinal mucosal pathology after challenge with virulent C. perfringens. These results indicate that oral RASV expressing an alpha toxin C-terminal peptide induces protective immunity against NE.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization ofEscherichia coli,SalmonellaSpp.,Clostridium perfringens, andC. difficileIsolates from Reptiles in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Pantuzza Ramos ◽  
Jordana Almeida Santana ◽  
Fernanda Morcatti Coura ◽  
Rafael Gariglio Clark Xavier ◽  
Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Strain

Considering the increasing popularity of reptiles as pets and their possible role as reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms, the aim of this study was to isolateEscherichia coli, Salmonellaspp., Clostridium perfringens, andC. difficilestrains from reptiles in Brazil and to characterize the isolated strains. The characterization was based on phylogenetic typing ofE. coli, identification of virulence genes ofE. coli, C. perfringens,andC. difficile, serotyping ofSalmonellaspp., ribotyping and MLST ofC. difficileand antimicrobial susceptibility test of pathogenic strains. Cloacal swabs were collected from 76 reptiles, of which 15 were lizards, 16 chelonians, and 45 snakes, either living in captivity, in the wild, or as companion animals.E. coliwas isolated from 52 (68.4%) reptiles, of which 46 (88.4%) were characterized as phylogroup B1. The virulence factor CNF1 ofE. coliwas found in seven (9.2%) sampled animals, whereas the gene of EAST1 was found in isolates from two (2.6%) reptiles. Three isolates positive for CNF1 were resistant to cephalothin, one of which was also resistant to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol, being then classified as multidrug resistant strain (MDR).Salmonella entericawas identified in 26 (34.2%) reptiles, of which 13 belonged to the subspeciesenterica.Serotypes such asS.Mbandaka,S.Panama,S. Infantis,S.Heidelberg, andS.Anatum were identified. One isolate ofS. entericasubsp.houtenaewas resistant to cephalothin and ciprofloxacin.C. perfringenstype A was isolated from six (7.8%) animals.C. difficilewas isolated from three (3.9%) reptiles. Two of these isolates were toxigenic and classified into ribotypes/MLST 081/ST9 and 106/ST42, which have been previously reported to infect humans. In conclusion, reptiles in Brazil can harbor toxigenicC. difficileand potentially pathogenicE. coliandSalmonella entericasubsp.enterica, thus representing a risk to human and animal health.

scholarly journals DNA Sequence Analysis of Regions Surrounding blaCMY-2 from Multiple Salmonella Plasmid Backbones

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 2845-2852 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Giles ◽  
A. K. Benson ◽  
M. E. Olson ◽  
R. W. Hutkins ◽  
J. M. Whichard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
The United States ◽  
Type B ◽  
Hybridization Data ◽  
Type D ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Type C

ABSTRACT The emergence in the United States of resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (e.g., ceftriaxone) within the salmonellae has been associated primarily with three large (>100-kb) plasmids (designated types A, B, and C) and one 10.1-kb plasmid (type D) that carry the bla CMY-2 gene. In the present study, the distribution of these four known bla CMY-2-carrying plasmids among 35 ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella isolates obtained from 1998 to 2001 was examined. Twenty-three of these isolates were Salmonella enterica serotype Newport, 10 were Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, 1 was Salmonella enterica serotype Agona, and 1 was Salmonella enterica serotype Reading. All 23 serotype Newport isolates carried a type C plasmid, and 5, 4, and 1 serovar Typhimurium isolate carried type B, A, and C plasmids, respectively. Both the serotype Agona and serotype Reading isolates carried type A plasmids. None of the isolates carried a type D plasmid. Hybridization data suggested that plasmid types A and C were highly related replicons. DNA sequencing revealed that the region surrounding bla CMY-2 was highly conserved in all three plasmid types analyzed (types B, C, and D) and was related to a region surrounding bla CMY-5 from the Klebsiella oxytoca plasmid pTKH11. These findings are consistent with a model in which bla CMY-2 has been disseminated primarily through plasmid transfer, and not by mobilization of the gene itself, to multiple Salmonella chromosomal backbones.

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