Measuring Entrepreneurship: Do Established Metrics Capture Schumpeterian Entrepreneurship?

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Henrekson ◽  
Tino Sanandaji
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Small Business ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
High Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Start Ups

We compile four hand-collected measures of high-impact Schumpeterian entrepreneurship (venture capital-funded IPOs, self-made billionaire entrepreneurs, unicorn start-ups, and young top global firms founded by individual entrepreneurs) and six measures dominated by small business activity as well as institutional and economic variables for 64 countries. Factor analysis reveals that a great deal of the variation is accounted for by two distinct factors: one relating to high-impact Schumpeterian entrepreneurship and the other relating to small business activity. Except for the World Bank measure of firm registration of limited liability companies, quantity-based measures tend to be inappropriate proxies for high-impact Schumpeterian entrepreneurship.

Reconstruction after Earthquakes: Sustainability and Development

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alcira Kreimer
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Resource Mobilization ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
The One

This paper identifies key sustainability issues arising in earthquake-related projects financed by The World Bank. First, Bank-financed reconstruction activities are briefly described within the background of the Bank's objectives in development. Second, the connections between human activities and development decisions on the one hand and seismic risk and vulnerability on the other are discussed. The multiple nature of earthquake-related losses are identified, including economic (direct and indirect), time-related and institutional losses. Third, resource mobilization efforts following disasters are discussed, including issues related to local and international aid. Fourth, the inclusion of measures geared to preventing losses in Bank-financed reconstruction efforts are explored within the overall context of preserving sustainability and reducing vulnerability. The paper offers the conclusion that the losses from vulnerable development amount to a significant burden to member countries governments, institutions, and populations.

scholarly journals Chopping the world into bits: Africa, the World Bank, and the good governance norm

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
World Bank ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

This article explores norms as idealizations, in an attempt to grasp their significance as projects for international organizations. We can think about norms as ‘standards of proper behaviour’. In this sense they are somehow natural, things to be taken for granted, noticed only really when they are absent. We can also think about norms as ‘understandings about what is good and appropriate’. In this sense, norms embody a stronger sense of virtue and an ability to enable progress or improvement. Norms become ideal when they are able to conflate what is good with what is appropriate, standard, or proper. It is when the good becomes ‘natural’ that a norm appears immanent and non-contestable, and so acquires an idealized form.45Along with the other articles in this special issue, I will attempt to challenge some of the complacency surrounding the apparent naturalness and universality of norms employed in international relations.

Governance, the World Bank and Liberal Theory

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Williams ◽  
Tom Young
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Alasdair Macintyre ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liberal Theory ◽  
Moral Action ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Moral Theorizing

We examine the recent debates about governance, focusing particularly on the World Bank and identify certain factors which have in recent years moved the Bank's thinking beyond narrowly economic notions of development. Our account is tentative and we suggest further avenues of research. We try to connect the Bank's thinking systematically with key features of liberal discourse and suggest that this can do much to illuminate practice. We illustrate this with a discussion of the growing relationship between the Bank and NGOs, to contribute to forms of analysis which go beyond the ideas vs. interests polarities that still inform so much of contemporary social and political theory. There ought not to be two histories, one of political and moral action and one of political and moral theorizing, because there were not two pasts, one populated only by actions, the other only by theories. Every action is the bearer and expression of more or less theory-laden beliefs and concepts; every piece of theorizing and every expression of belief is a political and moral action. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, p.61

2 Highlights

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lichtenstein Natalie
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multilateral Development Banks ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Development Banks ◽  
Set Up

Chapter 2, Highlights, offers a survey of the key features of the AIIB Charter that define AIIB, in close comparison with the Charters of other multilateral development banks (AfDB, AsDB, EBRD, IADB and the World Bank). The highlights of the coming Chapters are summarized, offering answers to the basic questions about AIIB: Why establish AIIB? (Mandate, Chapter 3) What will AIIB do? (Investment Operations, Chapter 4) Who will join AIIB? (Membership, Chapter 5) How will AIIB be funded? (Capital and Finance, Chapter 6) How will AIIB be run? (Governance, Chapter 7) How was AIIB first set up? (Transitions, Chapter 8) How will the organization work? (Institutional Matters, Chapter 9). The Chapter concludes with some observations about heritage and innovation in the AIIB Charter, outlining principal similarities and differences with the other Charters.

Politische Institutionenökonomik multilateraler Entwicklungshilfe

1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Gelbhaar
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Economic Rationality ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Aid Policy

AbstractThe article analyses the economic rationality of multilateral arrangements in foreign aid policy. In the centre of attention is a comparison of patterns of valuation taken from the theory of welfare concerning selected forms of international co-operation. Furthermore, the paper discusses patterns of explanation for the coming into being and the function of multilateral organisations from a publicchoice- perspective. The result of politico-economic evaluation is ambivalent: On the one hand those institutions reduce the transparency and the possibility of democratic and parliamentary control of international politics respectively. Thus, the structural efficiency of the aims of political programs could be endangered. Furthermore specific agency-problems aggravate the conditions for the realisation of political aims at minimum cost. On the other hand multilateral organisations open up a special strategic set of action for democratically elected politicians upon which institutions such as the IMF or the World Bank could at least possibly foster economic welfare.

scholarly journals INNOVATION EFFORTS OF COMPANIES IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 100-121
Author(s):  
Anderson Freitas dos Santos ◽  
Vitor da Silva Bittencourt ◽  
Priscila Rezende da Costa ◽  
Rony Castro Fernandes de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Number Of Firms

In this study we examine the innovation efforts, accelerated internationalization, and relational triggers of companies in Latin American countries. It is the first time a study jointly and empirically assesses the perception of the seriousness of institutional obstacles and innovation efforts, considering as a unit of analysis a large number of firms from Latin American countries. We used a database from the World Bank (Environment Surveys) with 14,064 companies from 20 countries in Latin America, which answered questions related to their innovation efforts from 2006 to 2018. Introduction of new or significantly improved products and processes and investments in research and development (R&D) had the greatest validity and quality power in factor analysis performed for the construct “innovation efforts.”  We observed positive patterns of correlation between age, size, perception of the seriousness of institutional obstacles and innovation efforts. The results contribute to the structuring of professionalization, expansion, and maturation programs for Latin American businesses.

scholarly journals A Study on Poverty in Turkey and in the World

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yunus Taş ◽  
Selami Özcan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Us Dollar

Poverty has become one of the most important problems for both underdeveloped and developed countries along with increasing globalization in the world since the second half of the 20th century. On the other hand, it has been claimed that the world is having its richest period of time. While two billion and five hundred millions of the people live under 2 US dollars, which has been determined by the World Bank as the poverty line, one billion and two hundred million of people live under 1 US dollar which has been determined as the hunger line. In our study, dimensions of poverty problems in certain significant countries and continents of the world (such as OECD and African countries) will be tried to be explained by giving quantities and graphics. Besides giving the rates of poverty in Turkey and Kazakhstan, studies concerning this issue and examples as regards their solutions will be given. As a result, suggestions towards lessening the rates of populations in those countries which have poverty and increasing life standards will be tried to ve given.

scholarly journals Governance in an International Institution - The World Bank and its Reorganisations

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Sikander Rahim
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Right

The governance of an institution is normally partly ensured by other institutions, which depend on yet other institutions for their governance. But who ultimately guards the guardians? For the liberal electoral democracies of Europe and America the answer that evolved from the political thought of the eighteenth century and the limited liability joint stock company of the nineteenth was, crudely put, checks and balances and voters, who could be the electorate or shareholders. Its limitation is that it presupposes a state and the right of the voters to vote in their own interest. How, then, can good governance be ensured for international organisations, especially the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, in which the representatives of the developed countries hold the majority of the votes on the Boards and are expected to cast them, not in their own immediate interests, but in the long term interest of the developing countries that borrow from these institutions?

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