scholarly journals Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions in the Development of Salivary Glands

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie S. Cutler ◽  
Waldemiro Gremski
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Secretory Cell ◽  
Full Expression ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Molecules ◽  
Gland Morphogenesis

The full expression of both morphogenesis and secretory cell differentiation in salivary glands is modulated or controlled, at least in part, by interactions between the salivary epithelium and the surrounding mesenchyme. Salivary gland morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation are partially linked but independently regulated processes. This presentation reviews the information that establishes the role of various extracellular matrix molecules and direct epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the induction, control, and maintenance of morphogenesis and secretory cell differentiation in salivary glands.

The Role of Extracellular Matrix in the Morphogenesis and Differentiation of Salivary Glands

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.S. Cutler
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Type Iv Collagen ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Preliminary Information ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Molecules ◽  
Gland Morphogenesis

The processes of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation are partially linked, independently regulated processes. The full expression of both processes is modulated or controlled, at least in part, by components of the extracellular matrix. This paper reviews the body of work that demonstrates a role for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and various extracellular matrix molecules in the induction, control, and maintenance of salivary gland morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. In addition, new, preliminary information which further elucidates the role of laminin and type IV collagen in the processes of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation is presented. With regard to the role of extracellular matrix molecules in the regulation of salivary gland morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation, it appears that types I, III, and IV collagen, laminin, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan play roles in the control of glandular morphogenesis. With the exception of type IV collagen, these molecules do not appear to be involved in the regulation of cytodifferentiation of salivary gland secretory cells. On the other hand, of the extracellular matrix molecules tested so far, only type IV collagen appears to play a role in the regulation of salivary gland secretory cell differentiation.

The aminergic and peptidergic innervation of insect salivary glands

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (14) ◽  
pp. 1941-1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Ali
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Related Family ◽  
Aminergic Innervation ◽  
Peptidergic Innervation

Insect salivary glands are glands associated with nutrient intake whose secretions are generally involved in the digestion and lubrication of food. They are under the control of neuroactive substances and may be innervated from several sources including the suboesophageal ganglion, the stomatogastric nervous system and the unpaired median nerves. Both amines and peptides have been suggested to play roles in the control of insect salivation, as indicated by their association with terminals on salivary glands, their effects in salivary gland bioassays and their ability to alter second messenger levels and ion channel conformations. Serotonin and dopamine appear to be the most prominent amines associated with insect salivary glands. Either one or both of these amines are found associated with the salivary glands of the locust, stick insect, cockroach, cricket, dragonfly, mosquito, adult moth and kissing bug. Their roles, although not fully elucidated, appear to be in the control of salivary secretion. Several peptides, including members of the FMRFamide-related family of peptides, are also found associated with insect salivary glands. Sources of peptidergic innervation are as varied as those for aminergic innervation, but information regarding the physiological role of these peptides is lacking. The relevance of the different levels of complexity of salivary gland innervation, which range from the absence of innervation in some species (blowfly) to the presence of several distinct sources in others (locust, cockroach), is not well understood. This review serves to consolidate what is known of the phenotype of salivary neurones in relation to the control of salivation.

scholarly journals Transforming growth factor–β in tissue fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos G. Frangogiannis
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Molecules ◽  
Interacting Networks

TGF-β is extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In fibrotic lesions, spatially restricted generation of bioactive TGF-β from latent stores requires the cooperation of proteases, integrins, and specialized extracellular matrix molecules. Although fibroblasts are major targets of TGF-β, some fibrogenic actions may reflect activation of other cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, and vascular cells. TGF-β–driven fibrosis is mediated through Smad-dependent or non-Smad pathways and is modulated by coreceptors and by interacting networks. This review discusses the role of TGF-β in fibrosis, highlighting mechanisms of TGF-β activation and signaling, the cellular targets of TGF-β actions, and the challenges of therapeutic translation.

scholarly journals Mature salivary gland rests within sonic hedgehog–positive medulloblastoma: case report and insights into the molecular genetics and embryopathology of ectopic intracranial salivary gland analogs

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 708-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berje Shammassian ◽  
Sunil Manjila ◽  
Efrem Cox ◽  
Kaine Onwuzulike ◽  
Dehua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Cerebellar Medulloblastoma ◽  
Disseminated Disease

Intracranial ectopic salivary gland rests within dural-based lesions are reported very infrequently in the literature. The authors report the unique case of a 12-year-old boy with a cerebellar medulloblastoma positive for sonic hedgehog (Shh) that contained intraaxial mature ectopic salivary gland rests. The patient underwent clinical and radiological monitoring postoperatively, until he died of disseminated disease. An autopsy showed no evidence of salivary glands within disseminated lesions. The intraaxial presence of salivary gland rests and concomitant Shh positivity of the described tumor point to a disorder in differentiation as opposed to ectopic developmental foci, which are uniformly dural based in the described literature. The authors demonstrate the characteristic “papilionaceous” appearance of the salivary glands with mucicarmine stain and highlight the role of Shh signaling in explaining the intraaxial presence of seromucous gland analogs. This article reports the first intraaxial posterior fossa tumor with heterotopic salivary gland rests, and it provides molecular and embryopathological insights into the development of these lesions.

Gastropod predation sites: the role of predator and prey in chemical attraction of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rittschof ◽  
C.M. Kratt ◽  
A.S. Clare
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Muscle Proteins ◽  
Clibanarius Vittatus ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

Gastropod shells are essential to most hermit crabs. Shell availability limits hermit crab populations. Shells provide protection and the degree of shell-fit controls crab growth and fecundity. Crabs locate new gastropod shells from a distance under water by molecules released from gastropod flesh during predation events. Here we test the hypothesis that the salivary glands of the predatory gastropod are the source of enzymes that digest muscle proteins and release peptide attractants. We describe the anatomy of both the acinous salivary glands and the tubular accessory salivary glands of Busycon contrarium which are similar to those of B. carica. The salivary gland ducts empty at the mouth, suggesting a role in the primary digestion of food. We show that gastropod muscle proteins, extracted by salt solutions with the ionic strength of sea water and purified by precipitation in low ionic strength can be digested by gastropod salivary gland enzymes to generate peptides attractive to the hermit crab, Clibanarius vittatus, in field assays.

scholarly journals Key Role of the Cdx2 Homeobox Gene in Extracellular Matrix–mediated Intestinal Cell Differentiation

1997 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 1553-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Lorentz ◽  
Isabelle Duluc ◽  
Adèle De Arcangelis ◽  
Patricia Simon-Assmann ◽  
Michèle Kedinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Antisense Rna ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
Cdx2 Expression ◽  
Laminin 1 ◽  
Crypt Cells

To explore the role of homeobox genes in the intestine, the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco2-TC7 has been stably transfected with plasmids synthesizing Cdx1 and Cdx2 sense and antisense RNAs. Cdx1 overexpression or inhibition by antisense RNA does not markedly modify the cell differentiation markers analyzed in this study. In contrast, Cdx2 overexpression stimulates two typical markers of enterocytic differentiation: sucrase-isomaltase and lactase. Cells in which the endogenous expression of Cdx2 is reduced by antisense RNA attach poorly to the substratum. Conversely, Cdx2 overexpression modifies the expression of molecules involved in cell–cell and cell–substratum interactions and in transduction process: indeed, E-cadherin, integrin-β4 subunit, laminin-γ2 chain, hemidesmosomal protein, APC, and α-actinin are upregulated. Interestingly, most of these molecules are preferentially expressed in vivo in the differentiated villi enterocytes rather than in crypt cells. Cdx2 overexpression also results in the stimulation of HoxA-9 mRNA expression, an homeobox gene selectively expressed in the colon. In contrast, Cdx2-overexpressing cells display a decline of Cdx1 mRNA, which is mostly found in vivo in crypt cells. When implanted in nude mice, Cdx2-overexpressing cells produce larger tumors than control cells, and form glandular and villus-like structures. Laminin-1 is known to stimulate intestinal cell differentiation in vitro. In the present study, we demonstrate that the differentiating effect of laminin-1 coatings on Caco2-TC7 cells is accompanied by an upregulation of Cdx2. To further document this observation, we analyzed a series of Caco2 clones in which the production of laminin-α1 chain is differentially inhibited by antisense RNA. We found a positive correlation between the level of Cdx2 expression, that of endogenous laminin-α1 chain mRNA and that of sucrase-isomaltase expression in these cell lines. Taken together, these results suggest (a) that Cdx1 and Cdx2 homeobox genes play distinct roles in the intestinal epithelium, (b) that Cdx2 provokes pleiotropic effects triggering cells towards the phenotype of differentiated villus enterocytes, and (c) that Cdx2 expression is modulated by basement membrane components. Hence, we conclude that Cdx2 plays a key role in the extracellular matrix–mediated intestinal cell differentiation.

scholarly journals Effects of Local and Systemic Immune Challenges on the Expression of Selected Salivary Genes in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles coluzzii

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300
Author(s):  
Giulia Bevivino ◽  
Bruno Arcà ◽  
Fabrizio Lombardo
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Transcriptional Modulation ◽  
Immune Challenges

Salivary glands play a crucial tripartite role in mosquito physiology. First, they secrete factors that greatly facilitate both sugar and blood meal acquisition. Second, the transmission of pathogens (parasites, bacteria and viruses) to the vertebrate host requires both the recognition and invasion of the salivary glands. Third, they produce immune factors that both protect the organ from invading pathogens and are also able to exert their activity in the crop and the midgut when saliva is re-ingested during feeding. Studies on mosquito sialomes have revealed the presence of several female and/or male salivary gland-specific or enriched genes whose function is completely unknown so far. We focused our attention on these orphan genes, and we selected, according to sequence and structural features, a shortlist of 11 candidates with potential antimicrobial properties. Afterwards, using qPCR, we investigated their expression profile at 5 and 24 h after an infectious sugar meal (local challenge) or thoracic microinjection (systemic challenge) of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, EC) or Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, SA) bacteria. We observed a general increase in the transcript abundance of our salivary candidates between 5 and 24 h after local challenge. Moreover, transcriptional modulation was determined by the nature of the stimulus, with salivary gland-enriched genes (especially hyp15 upon SA stimulus) upregulated shortly after the local challenge and later after the systemic challenge. Overall, this work provides one of the first contributions to the understanding of the immune role of mosquito salivary glands. Further characterization of salivary candidates whose expression is modulated by immune challenge may help in the identification of possible novel antimicrobial peptides.

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