Rhodococcus Equi Pneumonia: Case Report and Literature Review

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of Rhodococcus equi (RE) pneumonia and discuss its pathophysiology and treatment. CASE SUMMARY: An HIV-positive patient presented with pneumonia. A lung biopsy was performed after sputum and thoracentesis cultures failed to identify a pathogen. The lung biopsy revealed an unidentifiable, diphtheroid-like, gram-positive rod. A bronchoscopy performed five days after the lung biopsy produced the same diphtheroid-like, gram-positive rod. The patient was treated with several injectable antibiotics, but emergence of resistance to two of the antibiotics was suspected. Two weeks after the bacterial isolate was sent to a reference laboratory, it was identified as RE. The patient was discharged on oral antibiotics and experienced no recurrence of RE pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: RE can be difficult to identify in the microbiology laboratory, or it may be assumed to be a colonizing diphtheroid. The isolation of difficult-to-identify, gram-positive rods, or diphtheroids, from a pulmonary source in a patient with decreased cell-mediated immunity should cause one to suspect RE. RE has been noted to develop resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics during therapy. A prolonged course of combination antibiotic therapy directed at the intracellular component of infection is necessary.

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Evaluation of sensitivity of modified star protocol microbiological method for beta-lactame antibiotics detection in raw cow milk

Veterinarski glasnik ◽

10.2298/vetgl1304163b ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (3-4) ◽

pp. 163-173

Author(s):

Branka Borovic ◽

Danka Spiric ◽

Branko Velebit ◽

Vesna Djordjevic ◽

Brankica Lakicevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cow Milk ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Antibiotic Residues ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Animal Tissues ◽

Initial Validation ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Microbiological Methods

Antibiotic residues when present in animal tissues, through food chain, can enter human body, causing allergic reactions or facilitating the development of resistant bacterial strains. In order to determine the presence of antibiotics in animal tissues, it is appropriate to use convenient, reliable and sensitive methods. Microbiological methods applied for the detection of antibiotic residues in primary products of animal origin are based on the sensitivity of specific bacterial strains to a particular group of antibiotics. Regulatives on the amount of pesticides, metals and metalloids and other toxic substances, chemotherapeutics, anabolics and other substances which can be found in food ("Off. Gazette", No. 5/92, 11/92 - corr. and 32/02), state that milk and milk products can be used in commercial purposes only if not contain antibiotics in quantities that can be detected by reference methods. The applied method is modified STAR (Screening test for detection of antibiotics) protocol, regulated by the CRL (Community Reference Laboratory) Fougeres, France, in which the initial validation of the method had been carried out. In accordance with the demands of Regulative Commission EC No657/2002, the sensitivity of modified STAR protocol for beta lactam antibiotics group was examined , that is, there was carried out a contracted validation of the method, which initial validation had been performed at CRL. In a couple of series of experiments, 20 blank samples of raw cow milk originating from animals not treated by antibiotics, had been examined. By the beginning of the experiment samples were stored in a freezer at -20?C. Samples of raw cow milk enriched by working solutions of seven beta-lactam antibiotics, in order to obtain concentrations at the level of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 MRL (Maximmum Residue Limit) for each given antibiotic (Commission Regulation EC No. 37/2010). For detection of beta-lactam antibiotics, there was used Kundrat agar test with previously inoculated G.stearothermophilus ATCC 10149 strain. Aliquots of 30 _l of working solution at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 MRL concentration level, for each antibiotic, were inflicted on two paper disks placed on inoculated Kundrat agar surface. Petri plates with Kundrat agar previously inoculated with G.stearothermophilus , on which the samples were deposited, were incubated for 12-15h at 55oC. The obtained width of microorganisms growth inhibition zone, that is supposed to be at least 2.0 mm, measured from the disc edge, demonstrated the capability to detect all the tested 7 antibiotics from the beta lactam group at a level below the MRLs. Consequently, this proves that use of this method it is possible to meet the demands of Regulative Commission EC No. 37/2010.

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Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Anaerobe Clinical Isolates in Southeast Austria: Bacteroides fragilis Group Is on the Fast Track to Resistance

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10050479 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 479

Author(s):

Elisabeth König ◽

Hans P. Ziegler ◽

Julia Tribus ◽

Andrea J. Grisold ◽

Gebhard Feierl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Bacteroides Fragilis ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Disk Diffusion Testing ◽

Bacteroides Fragilis Group ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Human Infections

Anaerobic bacteria play an important role in human infections. Bacteroides spp. are some of the 15 most common pathogens causing nosocomial infections. We present antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results of 114 Gram-positive anaerobic isolates and 110 Bacteroides-fragilis-group-isolates (BFGI). Resistance profiles were determined by MIC gradient testing. Furthermore, we performed disk diffusion testing of BFGI and compared the results of the two methods. Within Gram-positive anaerobes, the highest resistance rates were found for clindamycin and moxifloxacin (21.9% and 16.7%, respectively), and resistance for beta-lactams and metronidazole was low (<1%). For BFGI, the highest resistance rates were also detected for clindamycin and moxifloxacin (50.9% and 36.4%, respectively). Resistance rates for piperacillin/tazobactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were 10% and 7.3%, respectively. Two B. fragilis isolates were classified as multi-drug-resistant (MDR), with resistance against all tested beta-lactam antibiotics. The comparative study of 109 BFGI resulted in 130 discrepancies in 763 readings (17%) with a high number of Very Major Errors (VME) and Major Errors (ME). In summary, resistance rates, with the exception of clindamycin and moxifloxacin, are still low, but we are facing increasing resistance rates for BFGI. Surveillance studies on a regular basis are still recommended.

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Phenotypic Detection of Hemin-Inducible Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Heteroresistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Microbiology Spectrum ◽

10.1128/spectrum.01510-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dennis Nurjadi ◽

Quan Chanthalangsy ◽

Elfi Zizmann ◽

Vanessa Stuermer ◽

Maximilian Moll ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Content Type ◽

Therapeutic Challenge ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Emergence Of Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Agents

Staphylococcus aureus is one of most important pathogens in clinical medicine. Besides its virulence, the acquisition or emergence of resistance toward antibiotic agents, in particular to beta-lactam antibiotics (methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), poses a major therapeutic challenge.

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An overview of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in veterinary medicine and their public health consequences

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.4704 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (08) ◽

pp. 954-960 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Diego Borin Nóbrega ◽

Marcelo Brocchi

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Veterinary Medicine ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Beta Lactams ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Emergence Of Resistance

Serious human and animal infections caused by bacteria are usually treated with beta-lactams. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) constitute the most clinically and economically important enzymes that are able to hydrolyze and inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics in veterinary medicine. The spread of ESBLs represents a serious threat to healthcare systems, drastically undermining therapeutic options. The relationship between drug usage and the emergence of resistance has been extensively reported. Nevertheless, the use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and the emergence of ESBLs in animals remains a matter of debate. Moreover, there is still controversy about whether antibiotic usage in farm animals poses a potential public health risk. This review will (i) deal with aspects related to the presence of ESBLs in veterinary medicine, (ii) its link with human medicine, and (iii) discuss strategies to be implemented to preserve antimicrobial effectiveness. New insights relative to old questions concerning antimicrobial use in domestic animals are also presented.

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The JK Diphtheroids

Infection Control ◽

10.1017/s0195941700064973 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 466-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Paul E. Schoch ◽

Burke A. Cunha

Keyword(s):

Clinical Significance ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Cultural Characteristics ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Facultatively Anaerobic ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Clinically Significant

In Bergey's manual, animal and human corynebacteria are a group of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-positive or slightly curved bacilli that are generally nonmotile, catalase-positive, and non-acid fast. The best known and most clinically significant pathogen in the genus Corynebacterium is C. diphtheriae. However, other members of this genus are frequently encountered in the clinical laboratory and usually represent colonization or commensal contamination, since most other corynebacteria are of low virulence and questionable clinical significance. Frequently described as “diphtheroids,” such organisms are usually dismissed as contaminants and are not speciated or subjected to susceptibility testing. The JK diphtheroids may be differentiated from clinically unimportant “diphtheroids” by their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and their distinctive morphologic and cultural characteristics (Table 1).

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Nano drug deliverer for ampicillin, clavulanic acid, imipenem, penicillin g and ticarcillin

Nexo Revista Científica ◽

10.5377/nexo.v33i01.10052 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (01) ◽

pp. 121-136

Author(s):

Maryam Derakhshandeh ◽

Majid Monajjemi

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Large Scale ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Phenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Scale Production ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Lactam Antibiotic

Ampicillin belonging to the penicillin group of beta lactam antibiotics. Ampicillin is able to penetrate Gram positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Imipenem (Primaxin) is an intravenous β-lactam antibiotic discovered by Merck scientists Burton Christensen, William Leanza, and Kenneth Wildonger in 1980 Ampicillin, Clavulanic acid, Imipenem, Penicillin G and Ticarcillin properties for the drug delivery with binding to SWCNNTs and SWBNNTs have been studied. Penicillin and its alteration Penicillin G or phenoxyacetic acid for Penicillin V is used for large scale production. Penicillin and other cell wall inhibitors are primarily specific against Gram positive bacteria because of higher percentage of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of these organisms. It was the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics. Based on our previous works we have modeled and simulated a drug delivery system of those antibiotics. The investigation of those antibiotics in binding with single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and SWBNNTs have been studied by theoretical methods. It has been established the best structural and functional of those antibiotics.

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New synthesis of oxime-type beta-lactam antibiotics

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19891734 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 1734-1745 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Martin Mandel ◽

Ludvík Novák ◽

Miroslav Rajšner ◽

Jiří Holubek ◽

Vladislava Holá

Keyword(s):

Phosphorus Pentachloride ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

New Synthesis ◽

Trimethylsilyl Derivatives ◽

Derivatives Of

Reaction of anhydrous acids II with phosphorus pentachloride afforded hydrochlorides of chlorides III which were used in acylations of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) derivatives of 6-aminopenicillanic and 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid. Change of the (Z)-configuration of the alkoxyimino group during the synthesis was observed only in the methoxyimino series. The prepared penicillins IV are effective against gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria.

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