scholarly journals Factors That Influence Risk Perceptions and Successful COVID-19 Vaccination Communication Campaigns With American Indians

2021 ◽  
pp. 107554702110569
Author(s):  
Amanda D. Boyd ◽  
Dedra Buchwald
Keyword(s):  
American Indians ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Culturally Congruent ◽  
Communication Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 vaccinations are the primary tool to end the pandemic. However, vaccine hesitancy continues to be a barrier to herd-immunity in the United States. American Indians (AI) often have higher levels of distrust in western medicine and lower levels of satisfaction with health care when compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Yet AIs have high COVID-19 vaccination rates. We discuss factors that influence AI risk perceptions of COVID-19 vaccinations including the impact of COVID-19 on AI Elders, community, and culture. We conclude with future research needs on vaccination communication and how culturally congruent communication campaigns may have contributed to high COVID-19 vaccination rates.

scholarly journals The Effect of Vaccination Rates on the Infection of COVID-19 under the Vaccination Rate below the Herd Immunity Threshold

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7491
Author(s):  
Yi-Tui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Although vaccination is carried out worldwide, the vaccination rate varies greatly. As of 24 May 2021, in some countries, the proportion of the population fully vaccinated against COVID-19 has exceeded 50%, but in many countries, this proportion is still very low, less than 1%. This article aims to explore the impact of vaccination on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the herd immunity of almost all countries in the world has not been reached, several countries were selected as sample cases by employing the following criteria: more than 60 vaccine doses per 100 people and a population of more than one million people. In the end, a total of eight countries/regions were selected, including Israel, the UAE, Chile, the United Kingdom, the United States, Hungary, and Qatar. The results find that vaccination has a major impact on reducing infection rates in all countries. However, the infection rate after vaccination showed two trends. One is an inverted U-shaped trend, and the other is an L-shaped trend. For those countries with an inverted U-shaped trend, the infection rate begins to decline when the vaccination rate reaches 1.46–50.91 doses per 100 people.

scholarly journals Spatial Modeling of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9488
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Mollalo ◽  
Moosa Tatar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Social Vulnerability Index ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Public Health Decision ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The Impact

Vaccine hesitancy refers to delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services. Despite the efforts of United States healthcare providers to vaccinate the bulk of its population, vaccine hesitancy is still a severe challenge that has led to the resurgence of COVID-19 cases to over 100,000 people during early August 2021. To our knowledge, there are limited nationwide studies that examined the spatial distribution of vaccination rates, mainly based on the social vulnerability index (SVI). In this study, we compiled a database of the percentage of fully vaccinated people at the county scale across the continental United States as of 29 July 2021, along with SVI data as potential significant covariates. We further employed multiscale geographically weighted regression to model spatial nonstationarity of vaccination rates. Our findings indicated that the model could explain over 79% of the variance of vaccination rate based on Per capita income and Minority (%) (with positive impacts), and Age 17 and younger (%), Mobile homes (%), and Uninsured people (%) (with negative effects). However, the impact of each covariate varied for different counties due to using separate optimal bandwidths. This timely study can serve as a geospatial reference to support public health decision-makers in forming region-specific policies in monitoring vaccination programs from a geographic perspective.

scholarly journals Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Covid-19 Incidence and Mortality in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Fang ◽  
John David Clemens ◽  
Zuo-Feng Zhang ◽  
Timothy F. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Before And After

Background: Despite safe and effective vaccines to prevent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and disease, a substantial minority of the US remains resistant to getting vaccinated. It is imperative to know if expanding vaccination rates could reduce community-wide Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, not just among those vaccinated. Methods: Negative binomial models were used to estimate associations between U.S. county-level vaccination rates and county-wide COVID-19 incidence and mortality between April 23rd and September 30th, 2021. A two-week lag and a four-week lag were introduced to assess vaccination rate impact on incidence and mortality, respectively. Stratified analyses were performed for county vaccination rates >40%, and before and after Delta became the dominant variant. Findings: Among 3,070 counties, each percentage increase in population vaccination rates reduced county-wide COVID-19 incidence by 0.9% (relative risk (RR) 0.9910 (95% CI: 0.9869, 0.9952)) and mortality by 1.9% (RR 0.9807 (95% CI: 0.9745, 0.9823)). Among counties with vaccination coverage >40%, each percentage increase in vaccination rates reduced COVID-19 disease by 1.5%, RR 0.9850 (95% CI: 0.9793, 0.9952) and mortality by 2.7% (RR 0.9727 (95% CI: 0.9632, 0.9823)). These associations were not observed among counties with <40% vaccination rates. Increasing vaccination rates from 40% to 80% would have reduced COVID-19 cases by 45.4% (RR 0.5458 (95% CI: 0.4335, 0.6873)) and deaths by 67.0% (RR 0.3305 (95% CI: 0.2230, 0.4898)). An estimated 5,989,952 COVID-19 cases could have been prevented and 127,596 lives saved had US population vaccination rates increased from 40% to 80%. Interpretations: Increasing U.S. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates results in population-wide reductions in COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Furthermore, increasing vaccination rates above 40% has protective effects among non-vaccinated persons. Given ongoing vaccine hesitancy in the U.S., increasing vaccination rates could better protect the entire community and potentially reach herd immunity. Funding: National Cancer Institute

scholarly journals Changing the Narrative: Structural Barriers and Racial and Ethnic Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccination

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9904
Author(s):  
Anuli Njoku ◽  
Marcelin Joseph ◽  
Rochelle Felix
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States. Although a promising solution of the COVID-19 vaccination offers hope, disparities in access again threaten the health of these communities. Various explanations have arisen for the cause of disparate vaccination rates among racial and ethnic minorities, including discussion of vaccine hesitancy. Conversely, the role of vaccine accessibility rooted in structural racism as a driver in these disparities should be further explored. This paper discusses the impact of structural barriers on racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We also recommend public health, health system, and community-engaged approaches to reduce racial disparities in COVID-19 disease and mortality.

Understanding the Impact of Historical Trauma Due to Colonization on the Health and Well-Being of Indigenous Young Peoples: A Systematic Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Reakeeta Smallwood ◽  
Cindy Woods ◽  
Tamara Power ◽  
Kim Usher
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Historical Trauma ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Indigenous Research ◽  
Culturally Congruent ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Indigenous Peoples are experiencing the ongoing effects of colonization. This phenomenon, historical trauma (HT), helps to address the current ill-health disparity. Aim of this scoping review was to identify sources of evidence available to understand the impact of HT on Indigenous young peoples. Method: A scoping review was conducted on available evidence-based literature. Article quality was assessed using validated quality appraisal tools. Synthesis was conducted with predefined levels of impact. Results: Consistent with the literature, the themes and levels of impact were interrelated. Despite this, studies predominately reported a singular focus with limited discussion of protective factors. Discussion: HT continues to have a profound impact on Indigenous young peoples across Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Protective factors for HT were evident within Indigenous research designs. Future research should ensure a multilevel focus to explore intergenerational strength and how this influences culturally congruent health care.

Online misinformation is linked to COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and refusal (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pierri ◽  
Brea Perry ◽  
Matthew DeVerna ◽  
Kai-Cheng Yang ◽  
Alessandro Flammini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Widespread uptake of vaccines is necessary to achieve herd immunity. However, uptake rates varied across U.S. states during the first six months of the COVID-19 vaccination program. Online misinformation may play an important role in vaccine hesitancy, and there is a need to comprehensively quantify the impact of misinformation on beliefs, behaviors, and health outcomes. OBJECTIVE This work investigates the extent to which COVID-19 vaccination rates and vaccine hesitancy are associated with levels of online misinformation about vaccines across geographical regions. We also look for evidence of directionality from online misinformation to vaccine hesitancy. METHODS Vaccine uptake recordings were taken from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data over the week of March 19 to 25, 2021. Vaccine hesitancy data and misinformation data were taken over the period, Jan 4th to March 25th, 2021. We leverage over 22 M individual responses to surveys administered on Facebook to assess vaccine hesitancy rates, and we identify online misinformation by focusing on low-credibility sources shared on Twitter by over 1.67M users geolocated within U.S. regions. Statistical analysis was done using multivariate regression models adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic and political confounding factors. RESULTS We find a negative relationship between misinformation and vaccination uptake rates. Online misinformation is also correlated with vaccine hesitancy rates taken from survey data. Associations between vaccine outcomes and misinformation remain significant when accounting for political as well as demographic and socioeconomic factors. While vaccine hesitancy is strongly associated with Republican vote share, we observe that the effect of online misinformation on hesitancy is strongest across Democratic rather than Republican counties. Granger causality analysis shows evidence for a directional relationship from online misinformation to vaccine hesitancy. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that there are geographically located hotspots of vaccine refusal which are associated with online misinformation and unexplained by other factors. Our results support a need for interventions that address online misinformation, allowing individuals to make better-informed health decisions. COVID-19 | Facebook | misinformation | Twitter | vaccine hesitancy | vaccines

scholarly journals Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 Vaccination: In Search of the Underlying Mechanism

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Piotr Rzymski ◽  
Bartłomiej Perek ◽  
Robert Flisiak
Keyword(s):  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Adenoviral Proteins

The rollout of COVID-19 vaccines brings hope for successful pandemic mitigation and getting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 under control. The vaccines authorized in Europe displayed a good safety profile in the clinical trials. However, during their post-authorization use, unusual thrombotic events associated with thrombocytopenia have rarely been reported for vector vaccines. This led to the temporary suspension of the AZD1222 vaccine (Oxford/AstraZeneca) in various European countries and the Ad26.COV2 vaccine (Janssen/Johnson&Johnson) in the United States, with regulatory bodies launching investigations into potential causal associations. The thromboembolic reactions were also rarely reported after mRNA vaccines. The exact cause of these adverse effects remains to be elucidated. The present paper outlines the hypotheses on the mechanisms behind the very rare thrombotic thrombocytopenia reported after the COVID-19 vaccination, along with currently existing evidence and future research prospects. The following are discussed: (i) the role of antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), (ii) the direct interaction between adenoviral vector and platelets, (iii) the cross-reactivity of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with PF4, (iv) cross-reactivity of anti-adenovirus antibodies and PF4, (v) interaction between spike protein and platelets, (vi) the platelet expression of spike protein and subsequent immune response, and (vii) the platelet expression of other adenoviral proteins and subsequent reactions. It is also plausible that thrombotic thrombocytopenia after the COVID-19 vaccine is multifactorial. The elucidation of the causes of these adverse events is pivotal in taking precautionary measures and managing vaccine hesitancy. It needs to be stressed, however, that the reported cases are currently sporadic and that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines vastly outweigh their potential risks.

Refining POSSIBLE: A Multicomponent Intervention to Increase HIV Risk Perceptions and PrEP Initiation Among Black Sexual Minority Men (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Dangerfield ◽  
Janeane N. Anderson ◽  
Charleen Wylie ◽  
Renata Arrington-Sanders ◽  
Ricky N. Bluthenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Sexual Minority ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Hiv Prevention Intervention ◽  
Sexual Minority Men ◽  
Minority Men ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Increased HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) initiation is urgently needed to substantially decrease the incidence among Black sexual minority men (BSMM). However, BSMM are less likely than other groups to accept a clinician’s recommendation to initiate PrEP and uptake remains suboptimal. Peers and smartphone apps are popular HIV prevention-intervention mechanisms that are typically used independently. Few studies have combined these strategies into a multi-component intervention to increase PrEP initiation for BSMM. OBJECTIVE This study refined an intervention using a smartphone app and a peer change agent (PCA) to increase HIV risk perceptions (HRP) and PrEP initiation among BSMM. METHODS Data were obtained from 12 focus groups and one in-depth interview among BSMM from Baltimore, MD, between October 2019 and May 2020 (N=39). Groups were stratified by age group: 18-24, 25-34, and 35 and older. Facilitators probed on attitudes towards the app, working with a PCA, and preferences for PCA characteristics. RESULTS Most self-identified as homosexual, gay, or same gender-loving (68%), were employed (69%), single (66%), and interested in self-monitoring sexual behaviors (68.4%). Overall, participants had low HRP and suggested that self-monitoring sexual behaviors could trigger internalized stigma. An acceptable PCA should be a “possible self” for BSMM to aspire. CONCLUSIONS Future research should explore the impact of implementing this strategy on HRP and PrEP initiation among BSMM.

scholarly journals Training Preservice Mental Health Counselors for Suicide Assessment: A Multiple Baseline Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teal Bohrer ◽  
Cass Dykeman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Probe Design ◽  
Mental Health Clinicians ◽  
Suicide Assessment ◽  
The Impact

Rates of death by suicide continue to increase across the United States. Mental health clinicians often have contact with individuals expressing suicidal ideation, but research suggests clinicians may not be appropriately prepared to assess a client’s suicide risk. Numerous models and theories explain and assess suicidal ideation. In 2009, Thomas Joiner and his colleagues proposed the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (IPT), which focused on three main factors strongly supported by research over the preceding decade. The present study utilized a nonconcurrent, multiple-baseline, multiple-probe design as well as a one-group pretest–posttest design to examine the impact of an IPT-based training model. Participants were preservice mental health clinicians currently enrolled in Master’s degree programs. Participants completed assessments on IPT knowledge and suicide-assessment self-efficacy, and results from this study indicated a significant increase in knowledge after completion of the training, as well as a slight decrease in self-efficacy. This study suggests that suicide-assessment training, even when done remotely, can increase suicide-assessment knowledge. Future research should explore preservice mental health clinicians’ self-efficacy as well as those factors influencing the confidence these professionals feel in their assessments of risk.

scholarly journals Emphasize personal health benefits to boost COVID-19 vaccination rates

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (32) ◽  
pp. e2108225118
Author(s):  
Madison Ashworth ◽  
Linda Thunström ◽  
Todd L. Cherry ◽  
Stephen C. Newbold ◽  
David C. Finnoff
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Multiple Messages ◽  
National Economies ◽  
The Impact

The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines is a tremendous scientific response to the current global pandemic. However, vaccines per se do not save lives and restart economies. Their success depends on the number of people getting vaccinated. We used a survey experiment to examine the impact on vaccine intentions of a variety of public health messages identified as particularly promising: three messages that emphasize different benefits from the vaccines (personal health, the health of others, and the recovery of local and national economies) and one message that emphasizes vaccine safety. Because people will likely be exposed to multiple messages in the real world, we also examined the effect of these messages in combination. Based on a nationally quota representative sample of 3,048 adults in the United States, our findings suggest that several forms of public messages can increase vaccine intentions, but messaging that emphasizes personal health benefits had the largest impact.

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