The Effects of Display Format and Data Density on Time Spent Reading Statistics in Text, Tables and Graphs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Time Variable ◽  
Information Recall ◽  
Data Density ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Text Presentation ◽  
Processing Effort ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Answering Questions

An experiment using a 3 × 3 × 3 Latin square design tested the effects of the number of data points and type of statistical display on time spent answering questions about the information. The design allowed within-subject comparisons of main effects, and the procedure was administered by a Macintosh computer. The results, that tables and graphs are more efficiently processed than text presentation of the same data, partially confirm earlier studies that used information recall as the dependent variable, but suggest the time variable is a more realistic measure of cognitive processing effort.

Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
Laura M. Morett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Computer Mouse Tracking ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

scholarly journals PSIV-1 Apparent and Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Dry Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs Without or With Organic Acids and Multi-Carbohydrase

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Jichen Song ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM) is an attractive feed ingredient for swine not only as a protein source but also as a good source of energy because of its high fat content. Apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in DESBM fed without or with organic acid (OA) and a multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation to growing pigs were determined. Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (17.3 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a replicated 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods, each consisting of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Four cornstarch-based diets with 44.4% DESBM as the only source of AA, without or with OA and MC supplementation, and a 5% casein-cornstarch diet were used. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide. Data were analyzed using the MIXED model procedures of SAS, with the final model including OA, MC, and the interaction between OA and MC as the main effects. The SID of indispensable AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs were: Arg, 93.2%; His, 85.1%; Ile, 87.1%; Leu, 87.6%; Lys, 88.7%; Met, 87.8%; Phe, 88.4%; Thr, 81.4%; Trp, 73.6%; Val, 84.5%. OA supplementation decreased the AID and SID (P < 0.05) of Arg, Ile, Asp, and Glu, and tended (P < 0.10) to decrease the AID and SID of Phe, Trp, Cys, Gly, and Tyr. MC supplementation did not affect the AID and SID of AA, and no interactive effect on AA digestibility was observed between OA and MC supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of OA and MC showed no positive effects on improving AA digestibility in DESBM fed to growing pigs.

scholarly journals A Robust Noise Resistant Algorithm for POI Identification from Flickr Data

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyang Yang ◽  
Zhiguo Gong ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Leong Hou U ◽  
Ruichu Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Zero Crossing ◽  
Social Media Data ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
Gradient Ascent ◽  
Data Density ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Media Data

Point of Interests (POI) identification using social media data (e.g. Flickr, Microblog) is one of the most popular research topics in recent years. However, there exist large amounts of noises (POI irrelevant data) in such crowd-contributed collections. Traditional solutions to this problem is to set a global density threshold and remove the data point as noise if its density is lower than the threshold. However, the density values vary significantly among POIs. As the result, some POIs with relatively lower density could not be identified. To solve the problem, we propose a technique based on the local drastic changes of the data density. First we define the local maxima of the density function as the Urban POIs, and the gradient ascent algorithm is exploited to assign data points into different clusters. To remove noises, we incorporate the Laplacian Zero-Crossing points along the gradient ascent process as the boundaries of the POI. Points located outside the POI region are regarded as noises. Then the technique is extended into the geographical and textual joint space so that it can make use of the heterogeneous features of social media. The experimental results show the significance of the proposed approach in removing noises.

scholarly journals The Effect of Word-word Space Reading and Resolutions on Ambiguities of Chinese Segmentation by Advanced L2 Learners of Chinese

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Chen ◽  
Lei Gu ◽  
Hongshan Zuo ◽  
Qiaoyan Bai ◽  
Yanfei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Chinese Text ◽  
Word Boundary ◽  
Reaction Time Experiment ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Text Presentation ◽  
Main Effects

<p>That Chinese text does not have a word boundary pose a question of whether L2 learners of Chinese are affected by the text at a word boundary. The present study consisted of two related experiments, i.e., one reaction time experiment and one pencil-paper experiment on the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation. The reaction time experiment was conducted by 2×2×2 within-subjects ANOVA (analysis of variance) with text presentation, length and difficulty of a sentence as the independent variables, and reading reaction time as the dependent variable. The results indicated that there were only significant main effects for word boundaries, length and difficulty of a sentence while the two/three-way interactions were not significant. Meanwhile, the pencil-paper experiment was conducted by single factor within-subjects ANOVA with the possible number of word combination (PNWC) as the independent variable, and the incorrect number of the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation which was made by the subjects as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that there was a significant main effect for PNWC, without significant two-way interaction. Word boundary can help L2 learners of Chinese reading texts and understanding the meaning of texts fast. Apart from theoretic implications, this paper also tried to propose an approach on Chinese segmentation which can be used in Chinese as a foreign language classroom.<b> </b></p>

scholarly journals The Effect of Word-word Space Reading and Resolutions on Ambiguities of Chinese Segmentation by Advanced L2 Learners of Chinese

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Chen ◽  
Lei Gu ◽  
Hongshan Zuo ◽  
Qiaoyan Bai ◽  
Yanfei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Chinese Text ◽  
Word Boundary ◽  
Reaction Time Experiment ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Text Presentation ◽  
Main Effects

<p>That Chinese text does not have a word boundary pose a question of whether L2 learners of Chinese are affected by the text at a word boundary. The present study consisted of two related experiments, i.e., one reaction time experiment and one pencil-paper experiment on the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation. The reaction time experiment was conducted by 2×2×2 within-subjects ANOVA (analysis of variance) with text presentation, length and difficulty of a sentence as the independent variables, and reading reaction time as the dependent variable. The results indicated that there were only significant main effects for word boundaries, length and difficulty of a sentence while the two/three-way interactions were not significant. Meanwhile, the pencil-paper experiment was conducted by single factor within-subjects ANOVA with the possible number of word combination (PNWC) as the independent variable, and the incorrect number of the ambiguity of Chinese segmentation which was made by the subjects as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated that there was a significant main effect for PNWC, without significant two-way interaction. Word boundary can help L2 learners of Chinese reading texts and understanding the meaning of texts fast. Apart from theoretic implications, this paper also tried to propose an approach on Chinese segmentation which can be used in Chinese as a foreign language classroom.<b> </b></p>

scholarly journals The Fundamental Clustering and Projection Suite (FCPS): A Dataset Collection to Test the Performance of Clustering and Data Projection Algorithms

Data ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Ultsch ◽  
Jörn Lötsch
Keyword(s):  
Data Science ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Projection Methods ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Projection Algorithms ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Data Density ◽  
Data Points

In the context of data science, data projection and clustering are common procedures. The chosen analysis method is crucial to avoid faulty pattern recognition. It is therefore necessary to know the properties and especially the limitations of projection and clustering algorithms. This report describes a collection of datasets that are grouped together in the Fundamental Clustering and Projection Suite (FCPS). The FCPS contains 10 datasets with the names “Atom”, “Chainlink”, “EngyTime”, “Golfball”, “Hepta”, “Lsun”, “Target”, “Tetra”, “TwoDiamonds”, and “WingNut”. Common clustering methods occasionally identified non-existent clusters or assigned data points to the wrong clusters in the FCPS suite. Likewise, common data projection methods could only partially reproduce the data structure correctly on a two-dimensional plane. In conclusion, the FCPS dataset collection addresses general challenges for clustering and projection algorithms such as lack of linear separability, different or small inner class spacing, classes defined by data density rather than data spacing, no cluster structure at all, outliers, or classes that are in contact. This report describes a collection of datasets that are grouped together in the Fundamental Clustering and Projection Suite (FCPS). It is designed to address specific problems of structure discovery in high-dimensional spaces.

A FURTHER EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE PHEROMONES AND TWO HOST KAIROMONES OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLES TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM AND GNATHOTRICHUS SULCATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Shore ◽  
J. A. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Trypodendron Lineatum ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Treatment Site ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractA Latin square design field experiment using treatment, site, and occasion as main effects was set up in spring 1981 to assess the responses of Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) to traps baited with the pheromones lineatin and sulcatol alone and in combination with each other and with ethanol plus α-pinene. Addition of sulcatol to either lineatin or lineatin plus ethanol plus α-pinene resulted in significantly reduced catches of T. lineatum. Addition of ethanol plus α-pinene to sulcatol or lineatin resulted in significantly greater catches of both sexes of G. sulcatus and T. lineatum. These results suggest that separate traps be set out for each species in mass trapping suppression programs in timber processing areas and that ethanol and α-pinene be included with the pheromone to maximize catches of both of these ambrosia beetle species.

scholarly journals Hyperspectral Image Clustering with Spatially-Regularized Ultrametrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 955
Author(s):  
Shukun Zhang ◽  
James M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Clustering ◽  
Hyperspectral Image ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Image Clustering ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Performance Guarantees ◽  
Data Density ◽  
Spatial Geometry ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Almost All

We propose a method for the unsupervised clustering of hyperspectral images based on spatially regularized spectral clustering with ultrametric path distances. The proposed method efficiently combines data density and spectral-spatial geometry to distinguish between material classes in the data, without the need for training labels. The proposed method is efficient, with quasilinear scaling in the number of data points, and enjoys robust theoretical performance guarantees. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real HSI data demonstrate its strong performance compared to benchmark and state-of-the-art methods. Indeed, the proposed method not only achieves excellent labeling accuracy, but also efficiently estimates the number of clusters. Thus, unlike almost all existing hyperspectral clustering methods, the proposed algorithm is essentially parameter-free.

Coercive Family Processes and the Development of Child Social Behavior and Self-Regulation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Family Processes ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Main Effects

This chapter (1) examines the multiple ways in which coercive processes may be manifested during family interaction in addition to their more blatant, aversive forms, including emotion dismissing, invalidating, intrusive/controlling social actions; (2) assesses the role of higher cognitive processing and control in coercive social interaction in the context of previous assumptions that coercive processes are primarily overlearned and automatic; (3) examines the utility of extensions of environmental main effects models of coercive processes by explicitly focusing on synergistic models that involve child temperamental self-regulatory capacities (reflecting underlying molecular genetic and neurobiological mechanisms); and (4) assesses the role of coercive family processes in relation to borderline features and trauma/PTSD.

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