Attenuated Readiness Potential in the Absence of Executive Dysfunction in Adults With ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Kyung Seo ◽  
Gudrun Sartory ◽  
Bernhard Kis ◽  
Norbert Scherbaum ◽  
Bernhard W. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Readiness Potential ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Verbal Iq

Objective: Patients with ADHD display a decreased contingent negative variation in Go/NoGo tasks. It is unclear whether the attenuation is due to deficits of executive function or to disorder of motor planning. The readiness potential (RP) recorded during self-initiated movements could cast light on this question. Method: RP was recorded in 25 stably medicated adult ADHD patients and 21 healthy controls matched for age, education, and verbal IQ. Participants also completed neuropsychological tests of executive function. Results: Compared with healthy controls, ADHD patients showed significantly diminished RP peaks and also decreased negativity in preparation of the movement at frontal locations. There were no significant group differences with regard to tests of executive function. Conclusion: In adults with ADHD, deficits of motor organization are also manifest in situations not involving external stimulus processing. The attenuated RP occurred in the absence of executive dysfunction. Results are consistent with partial independence between motor and executive dysfunction in ADHD.

Neuropsychological Performance Patterns of Adult ADHD Subtypes

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1136-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy LeRoy ◽  
Claudia Jacova ◽  
Caedy Young
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Adhd Subtypes ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Current Systematic Review ◽  
Performance Patterns ◽  
Adhd Subtype

Objective: Neuropsychological performance patterns associated with adult ADHD subtypes are unknown. The aim of the current systematic review was to identify and synthesize available literature regarding neuropsychological performance associated with adult ADHD subtypes. Method: Searches were completed using the databases PsycINFO and PubMed for studies published before March 2017 addressing adult ADHD subtypes and neuropsychological performance. Data characterizing the neuropsychological tests utilized in each study were obtained and sorted into eight domains. To summarize the results of all comparisons (ADHD subtype compared with control, or to each other), we counted the proportion of tests within each domain with significant group differences. Results/Conclusion: We deemed four domains informative in differentiating ADHD subtypes from controls. Of these, memory was the only domain that held promise in distinguishing ADHD-Inattentive and ADHD-Combined. Limitations of the available literature are highlighted and recommendations for future research are provided.

scholarly journals Daily Performance of Adolescents with Executive Function Deficits: An Empirical Study Using a Complex-Cooking Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Fogel ◽  
Sara Rosenblum ◽  
Renana Hirsh ◽  
Mathilde Chevignard ◽  
Naomi Josman
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Subscale Score ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Behavior Rating Inventory ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Executive Function Deficits

Purpose. To characterize and analyze the performance of adolescents with executive function deficits through the Children’s Cooking Task (CCT) as a performance-based complex ecological assessment. Methods. Participants were 41 adolescents (aged 10–14 years) with normal intellectual function and executive function deficit profiles based on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) parent reports and self-reports (BRIEF-SR) and the WebNeuro and 40 controls with typical development matched by age and gender. Participants in both groups performed the CCT, an ecological standardized complex task. Results. Significant group differences were found for all CCT outcome measures (total number of errors, task duration, and all qualitative rating variables). Significant correlations were found among children with executive function deficit profiles between the CCT performance duration and total number of errors and the BRIEF-SR subscale score. Two separate discriminant function analyses described primarily by the CCT correctly classified the study groups. Conclusion. The poor performance of adolescents with executive function deficit profiles exhibited through the standardized complex task, as well as the relationships with their executive functions, supplies better insight about their daily confrontations. Identifying how they perform may lead to development of focused interventions to improve these adolescents’ daily performance, participation, and wellbeing.

scholarly journals Impairment in Theory of Mind in Parkinson’s Disease Is Explained by Deficits in Inhibition

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Foley ◽  
Claire Lancaster ◽  
Elena Poznyak ◽  
Olga Borejko ◽  
Elaine Niven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Social Reasoning ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Significant Group

Objective. Several studies have reported that people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) perform poorly on tests of ‘Theory of Mind’ (ToM), suggesting impairment in the ability to understand and infer other people’s thoughts and feelings. However, few studies have sought to separate the processes involved in social reasoning from those involved in managing the inhibitory demands on these tests. In this study, we investigated the contribution of inhibition to ToM performance in PD. Methods. 18 PD patients and 22 age-matched healthy controls performed a ToM test that separates the ability to infer someone else’s perspective from the ability to inhibit one’s own. Participants also completed a battery of standard measures of social and executive functioning, including measures of inhibition. Results. The PD patients performed worse on the ToM test only when the inhibitory demands were high. When the level of inhibition required was reduced, there were no significant group differences. Furthermore, executive impairments in PD patients were limited to measures of inhibition, with disadvantages associated with poorer ToM performance in this group. Conclusions. This study provides convincing evidence that the apparent impairment observed on ToM tests in PD is explained by deficits in inhibition.

scholarly journals Set-Shifting in Adults with ADHD

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene Barone Halleland ◽  
Jan Haavik ◽  
Astri J. Lundervold
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Intellectual Function ◽  
Interference Test ◽  
Basic Functions

AbstractDifficulties related to inhibition and set-shifting have been suggested as possible endophenotypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, such difficulties have not been consistently found in studies using standard neuropsychological tests. This has been partly explained by the complexity of these tests and the need to include contrast measures which control for more basic functions. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether difficulties related to inhibition and set-shifting in adult ADHD patients could be revealed by the Color Word Interference Test (CWIT) from the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). A clinically recruited group of adults with ADHD (n = 60) obtained significantly lower scores than population derived controls (n = 60) on both primary summary (p < .001) and contrast measures (p = .004) of set-shifting. The differences between the groups remained statistically significant after controlling for intellectual function and working memory (p = .003). However, no significant differences between the groups were observed on any measure of inhibition. The study indicates that adults with ADHD have specific difficulties with set-shifting as measured by the CWIT, difficulties that probably also reflect problems related to executive function in their daily life. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)

scholarly journals Executive function and in-patient violence in forensic patients with schizophrenia

2008 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael S. Fullam ◽  
Mairead C. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Forensic Patients ◽  
Patient Violence ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
Interpersonal Domain

BackgroundThe literature on the association between neuropsychological deficits and in-patient violence in schizophrenia is limited and the findings inconsistent.AimsTo examine the role of executive function deficits in in-patient violence using measures of dorsolateral (DLPFC) and ventrolateral prefrontal cortical (VLPFC) function.MethodsThirty-three violent and forty-nine non-violent male forensic in-patients with schizophrenia were assessed using neuropsychological tasks probing DLPFC and VLPFC function and on measures of symptoms and psychopathy.ResultsThere were no significant group differences in neuropsychological task performance. Higher rates of violence were significantly associated with lower current IQ scores and higher excitement symptom scores. The ‘violent’ group had significantly higher interpersonal and antisocial domain psychopathy scores. In a logistic regression analysis, IQ and the interpersonal domain of psychopathy were significant discriminators of violent v. non-violent status.ConclusionsPersonality factors rather than symptoms and neuropsychological function may be important in understanding in-patient violence in forensic patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals A self administered executive functions ecological questionnaire (the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version) shows impaired scores in a sample of patients with schizophrenia

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Bulzacka ◽  
Jeanne Vilain ◽  
Franck Schürhoff ◽  
Alexandre Méary ◽  
Marion Leboyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Behavior Rating ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Behavior Rating Inventory ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Subjective Measurements ◽  
Specific Score

Subjective measurements of cognition have seldom been used in schizophrenia. This is mainly due to the assumption that such measurements lack sensitivity in a disorder characterized by poor insight. We investigated the capacity of BRIEF-A (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version: a self-administered, ecological questionnaire) to identify executive deficits in adults with schizophrenia. The global score and each domain-specific score was significantly lower in patients than in healthy controls. BRIEF-A could be a useful complement to objective measurements, providing a subjective assessment of everyday consequences of executive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Executive dysfunction and memory impairment in schizoaffective disorder: a comparison with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and healthy controls

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 2127-2135 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Amann ◽  
J. J. Gomar ◽  
J. Ortiz-Gil ◽  
P. McKenna ◽  
B. Sans-Sansa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Schizoaffective Disorder ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
Manic Patients

BackgroundDeficits in memory and executive performance are well-established features of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. By contrast, data on cognitive impairment in schizoaffective disorder are scarce and the findings are conflicting.MethodWe used the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III) and the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) to test memory and executive function in 45 schizophrenic patients, 26 schizomanic patients and 51 manic bipolar patients in comparison to 65 healthy controls. The patients were tested when acutely ill.ResultsAll three patient groups performed significantly more poorly than the controls on global measures of memory and executive functioning, but there were no differences among the patient groups. There were few differences in memory and executive function subtest scores within the patient groups. There were no differences in any test scores between manic patients with and without psychotic symptoms.ConclusionsSchizophrenic, schizomanic and manic patients show a broadly similar degree of executive and memory deficits in the acute phase of illness. Our results do not support a categorical differentiation across different psychotic categories with regard to neuropsychological deficits.

scholarly journals A self administered executive functions ecological questionnaire (the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version) shows impaired scores in a sample of patients with schizophrenia

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Ewa Bulzacka ◽  
Jeanne Vilain ◽  
Franck Schürhoff ◽  
Alexandre Méary ◽  
Marion Leboyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Behavior Rating ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Behavior Rating Inventory ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Subjective Measurements ◽  
Specific Score

Subjective measurements of cognition have seldom been used in schizophrenia. This is mainly due to the assumption that such measurements lack sensitivity in a disorder characterized by poor insight. We investigated the capacity of BRIEF-A (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version: a self-administered, ecological questionnaire) to identify executive deficits in adults with schizophrenia. The global score and each domain-specific score was significantly lower in patients than in healthy controls. BRIEF-A could be a useful complement to objective measurements, providing a subjective assessment of everyday consequences of executive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia.

A-80 Global Neuropsychological Assessment (GNA): Preliminary Evidence of Clinical Utility

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 940-940
Author(s):  
J Raines ◽  
A Carroll ◽  
L Morra ◽  
D Schretlen
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Medical Psychology ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Significant Group

Abstract Objective The Global Neuropsychological Assessment (GNA) is an 18-minute cognitive test battery with seven subtests that is being translated into multiple languages and standardized worldwide. This study seeks to evaluate the GNA’s ability to discriminate patients from healthy controls. Data Selection We are recruiting adults who are referred to the Johns Hopkins Medical Psychology Clinic for neuropsychological assessment, along with caregivers or family members who accompany them for this ongoing study. We have administered the GNA to 10 patients with mild cognitive impairment or another disorder and 22 healthy controls to date. Data Synthesis Patients and healthy controls did not differ on age, sex, or years of education.Independent samples t-tests showed that patients performed worse than healthy controls (p < 0.05) on 14 measures derived from five of seven GNA subtests. These included measures of episodic memory, processing speed, semantic verbal fluency, set-switching, and spatial working memory. Cohen’s d effect sizes of 1.0 to 2.2 were observed. The groups did not differ on tests of digit repetition or an anxiety/depression screener (Patient Health Questionnaire-4) although these revealed small to medium group differences (Cohen’s ds = 0.27 to 0.71) as well. Conclusions Five of seven GNA subtests effectively discriminated controls from patients with mixed cognitive disorders. If effect sizes found for the other two GNA subtests persist, they also will show significant group differences as the sample sizes increase. In related studies, we are examining inter-form equivalence and other psychometric properties of the GNA.

scholarly journals A-081 Cognitive Reserve Factors Influence Neuropsychological Performance in Alcohol Use Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-873
Author(s):  
Mcnally S ◽  
Syan S ◽  
Hargreaves T ◽  
Sarles Whittlesley H ◽  
McIntyre-Wood C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Card Sort

Abstract Objective Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the brain’s capacity to cope with pathology and preserve functioning. We investigated cognitive performance between individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and healthy controls to examine whether CR, operationalized as education and psychosocial functioning, influences neuropsychological functioning. Method We recruited 45 AUD (DSM-V criteria) who reported drinking levels exceeding NIAAA guidelines (&gt;14/7 drinks/week for men/women) and 30 healthy controls who did not. MANCOVAs controlling for CR were used to investigate between-group differences in neuropsychological performance, as measured by the NIH Toolbox. A series of linear regression analyses were also performed to evaluate effects of AUD and CR on neuropsychological performance. Psychosocial functioning, education, and AUD status were simultaneously entered as predictors of Flanker, Dimensional Change Card Sort, Picture Sequence, List Sort, and Processing Speed scores. Results MANCOVAs revealed a significantly slower processing speed in the AUD group compared to controls when controlling for CR (F = 4.30, p = .042). There were no significant group differences on other tests. Linear regressions showed only processing speed to be predicted by AUD (β = −.255, p = .042), while CR measures were not. Education predicted Picture Sequence (β = .245, p = .041) and Card Sort (β = .291, p = .009) performance, and psychosocial functioning predicted Flanker (β = .296, p = .021) and Card Sort (β = .316, p = .010) performance. Conclusions CR appears to contribute to higher-order cognitive functions, regardless of AUD status. Only processing speed, a domain typically susceptible to brain pathology, was significantly related to AUD. Thus, factors linked to CR may serve as important targets for future research and intervention in AUD to promote favorable cognitive outcomes.

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