Neuropsychological Performance Patterns of Adult ADHD Subtypes

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1136-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy LeRoy ◽  
Claudia Jacova ◽  
Caedy Young
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Adhd Subtypes ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Current Systematic Review ◽  
Performance Patterns ◽  
Adhd Subtype

Objective: Neuropsychological performance patterns associated with adult ADHD subtypes are unknown. The aim of the current systematic review was to identify and synthesize available literature regarding neuropsychological performance associated with adult ADHD subtypes. Method: Searches were completed using the databases PsycINFO and PubMed for studies published before March 2017 addressing adult ADHD subtypes and neuropsychological performance. Data characterizing the neuropsychological tests utilized in each study were obtained and sorted into eight domains. To summarize the results of all comparisons (ADHD subtype compared with control, or to each other), we counted the proportion of tests within each domain with significant group differences. Results/Conclusion: We deemed four domains informative in differentiating ADHD subtypes from controls. Of these, memory was the only domain that held promise in distinguishing ADHD-Inattentive and ADHD-Combined. Limitations of the available literature are highlighted and recommendations for future research are provided.

Attenuated Readiness Potential in the Absence of Executive Dysfunction in Adults With ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Kyung Seo ◽  
Gudrun Sartory ◽  
Bernhard Kis ◽  
Norbert Scherbaum ◽  
Bernhard W. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Readiness Potential ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Verbal Iq

Objective: Patients with ADHD display a decreased contingent negative variation in Go/NoGo tasks. It is unclear whether the attenuation is due to deficits of executive function or to disorder of motor planning. The readiness potential (RP) recorded during self-initiated movements could cast light on this question. Method: RP was recorded in 25 stably medicated adult ADHD patients and 21 healthy controls matched for age, education, and verbal IQ. Participants also completed neuropsychological tests of executive function. Results: Compared with healthy controls, ADHD patients showed significantly diminished RP peaks and also decreased negativity in preparation of the movement at frontal locations. There were no significant group differences with regard to tests of executive function. Conclusion: In adults with ADHD, deficits of motor organization are also manifest in situations not involving external stimulus processing. The attenuated RP occurred in the absence of executive dysfunction. Results are consistent with partial independence between motor and executive dysfunction in ADHD.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Articulation Skills in Children with Velocardiofacial Syndrome and Children with Cleft Palate or Velopharyngeal Dysfunction: A Preliminary Report

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriane L. Baylis ◽  
Benjamin Munson ◽  
Karlind T. Moller
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Velocardiofacial Syndrome ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nonverbal Intelligence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Factors Affecting

Objective: To examine the influence of speech perception, cognition, and implicit phonological learning on articulation skills of children with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) and children with cleft palate or velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). Design: Cross-sectional group experimental design. Participants: Eight children with VCFS and five children with nonsyndromic cleft palate or VPD. Methods and Measures: All children participated in a phonetic inventory task, speech perception task, implicit priming nonword repetition task, conversational sample, nonverbal intelligence test, and hearing screening. Speech tasks were scored for percentage of phonemes correctly produced. Group differences and relations among measures were examined using nonparametric statistics. Results: Children in the VCFS group demonstrated significantly poorer articulation skills and lower standard scores of nonverbal intelligence compared with the children with cleft palate or VPD. There were no significant group differences in speech perception skills. For the implicit priming task, both groups of children were more accurate in producing primed nonwords than unprimed nonwords. Nonverbal intelligence and severity of velopharyngeal inadequacy for speech were correlated with articulation skills. Conclusions: In this study, children with VCFS had poorer articulation skills compared with children with cleft palate or VPD. Articulation difficulties seen in the children with VCFS did not appear to be associated with speech perception skills or the ability to learn new phonological representations. Future research should continue to examine relationships between articulation, cognition, and velopharyngeal dysfunction in a larger sample of children with cleft palate and VCFS.

Breaching confidentiality to report students’ risk-taking behaviours to school administrators

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Rahsan Sivis-Cetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Ethics Training ◽  
School Level ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
School Counsellors ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThis study examined Turkish school counsellors’ (SCs) ratings of the importance of factors in deciding to report students’ risk-taking behaviours to school administrators (SAs). A sample of Turkish SCs (N = 252) were surveyed. Most and least important factors were determined. Group differences in terms of gender, school level of employment, and attending mandatory counselling ethics training were investigated. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used in group comparisons. ‘Protecting the student’ was rated as the most important factor, and ‘Gender of the student’ was the least important factor. Statistically significant group differences with respect to gender, school level of employment, and attending mandatory counselling ethics training were identified. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Common and disorder-specific upregulation of the inflammatory markers TRAIL and CCL20 in depression and schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Klaus ◽  
Karoline Guetter ◽  
Rebecca Schlegel ◽  
Tobias R. Spiller ◽  
Erich Seifritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Group

AbstractSchizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are severe mental disorders, which have been associated with alterations of the peripheral inflammatory network. However, studies for both disorders have not been fully consistent and have focused on few canonical markers with high relevance to the innate immune system, while the role of the adaptive immune system is studied less. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent inflammatory abnormalities are diagnosis-specific or transdiagnostic. The purpose of this study was to investigate 75 peripheral inflammatory markers including the acute phase protein high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with MDD (n = 37), SZ (n = 42) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 17), while considering possible confounders and correcting rigorously for multiple testing in group comparisons. We identified C–C chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as the inflammatory markers with significant group differences after controlling for multiple comparisons and adjusting for BMI, sex and smoking as confounders. TRAIL was elevated in both MDD and SZ compared to HC. CCL20 was specifically increased in SZ compared to MDD and HC. There were no significant group differences in hsCRP after correcting for multiple testing. Finally, we observed no significant correlations among CCL20, TRAIL and CRP. TRAIL is a transdiagnostic marker for SZ and MDD, with both markers being independent from CRP and body mass index (BMI). CCL20 may be a novel and specific biomarker of schizophrenia, but an influence of antipsychotic medication cannot be excluded. Identifying novel markers in mental disease bears the potential for future research towards novel treatment strategies by modifying inflammation-related processes.

scholarly journals A-081 Cognitive Reserve Factors Influence Neuropsychological Performance in Alcohol Use Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-873
Author(s):  
Mcnally S ◽  
Syan S ◽  
Hargreaves T ◽  
Sarles Whittlesley H ◽  
McIntyre-Wood C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Card Sort

Abstract Objective Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the brain’s capacity to cope with pathology and preserve functioning. We investigated cognitive performance between individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and healthy controls to examine whether CR, operationalized as education and psychosocial functioning, influences neuropsychological functioning. Method We recruited 45 AUD (DSM-V criteria) who reported drinking levels exceeding NIAAA guidelines (>14/7 drinks/week for men/women) and 30 healthy controls who did not. MANCOVAs controlling for CR were used to investigate between-group differences in neuropsychological performance, as measured by the NIH Toolbox. A series of linear regression analyses were also performed to evaluate effects of AUD and CR on neuropsychological performance. Psychosocial functioning, education, and AUD status were simultaneously entered as predictors of Flanker, Dimensional Change Card Sort, Picture Sequence, List Sort, and Processing Speed scores. Results MANCOVAs revealed a significantly slower processing speed in the AUD group compared to controls when controlling for CR (F = 4.30, p = .042). There were no significant group differences on other tests. Linear regressions showed only processing speed to be predicted by AUD (β = −.255, p = .042), while CR measures were not. Education predicted Picture Sequence (β = .245, p = .041) and Card Sort (β = .291, p = .009) performance, and psychosocial functioning predicted Flanker (β = .296, p = .021) and Card Sort (β = .316, p = .010) performance. Conclusions CR appears to contribute to higher-order cognitive functions, regardless of AUD status. Only processing speed, a domain typically susceptible to brain pathology, was significantly related to AUD. Thus, factors linked to CR may serve as important targets for future research and intervention in AUD to promote favorable cognitive outcomes.

The Detection of Reader-Based versus Text-Based Inconsistencies and the Effects of Direct Training of Comprehension Monitoring among Upper-Grade Poor Comprehenders

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Reis ◽  
Nancy J. Spekman
Keyword(s):  
Middle School Students ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Comprehension Monitoring ◽  
School Students ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Direct Training ◽  
Poor Comprehenders ◽  
Experimental Group

This paper reports the results of two studies which focus on the comprehension monitoring abilities of middle-grade poor comprehenders. In Experiment 1, the ability of 54 middle-school students to detect and correct text-based and reader-based inconsistencies was compared. The results indicated that the students could detect and correct reader-based inconsistencies to a significantly greater degree than text-based inconsistencies. Twenty-four of the same students participated in Experiment 2, which was designed to investigate the effects of direct training of comprehension monitoring. One-half of the students received direct instruction in two sessions; the other half served as a control group. Following training, the experimental group scored significantly higher on reader-based inconsistencies than the control group, but no significant group differences were found for text-based inconsistencies. Implications for future research are discussed.

Spiral Maze Performance in Dementia

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 328-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Maze Performance ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia

58 patients with probable Alzheimer dementia and 58 with probable multi-infarct dementia were given spiral mazes of differing complexity and 20 other neuropsychological tests. When age and over-all neuropsychological functioning were taken into account, spiral maze performance was poorer for patients with multi-infarct dementia but there were no significant group differences related to task complexity or indices of performance strategy

scholarly journals Nutrient Intake and Dietary Inflammatory Potential in Current and Recovered Anorexia Nervosa

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4400
Author(s):  
Olivia Patsalos ◽  
Bethan Dalton ◽  
Christia Kyprianou ◽  
Joseph Firth ◽  
Nitin Shivappa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
Meta Analyses

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by disrupted and restrictive eating patterns. Recent investigations and meta-analyses have found altered concentrations of inflammatory markers in people with current AN. We aimed to assess nutrient intake in participants with current or recovered AN, as compared to healthy individuals, and explore group differences in dietary inflammatory potential as a possible explanation for the observed alterations in inflammatory markers. We recruited participants with current AN (n = 51), those recovered from AN (n = 23), and healthy controls (n = 49). We used the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), to calculate a Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) score and collected blood samples to measure serum concentrations of inflammatory markers. In current AN participants, we found lower intake of cholesterol, compared to HCs, and lower consumption of zinc and protein, compared to HC and recovered AN participants. A one-way ANOVA revealed no significant group differences in DII score. Multivariable regression analyses showed that DII scores were significantly associated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations in our current AN sample. Our findings on nutrient intake are partially consistent with previous research. The lack of group differences in DII score, perhaps suggests that diet is not a key contributor to altered inflammatory marker concentrations in current and recovered AN. Future research would benefit from including larger samples and using multiple 24-h dietary recalls to assess dietary intake.

The Relationship Between Neuropsychological Deficits and Emotional Lability in Adults With ADHD

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1514-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Gisbert ◽  
Vanesa Richarte ◽  
Montserrat Corrales ◽  
Pol Ibáñez ◽  
Rosa Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Neuropsychological Deficits ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Emotional Lability ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which neuropsychological performance parameters implicated in ADHD might mediate the relationship between emotional lability (EL) and this disorder. Method: Eight hundred twelve adult patients with ADHD were examined. EL was assessed using the EL subscale of Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). To assess cognitive and executive functions, a battery of neuropsychological tests was performed in 262 patients with ADHD and high EL symptomatology and 550 patients with ADHD and low EL symptomatology. Results: Several differences between groups were found regarding neuropsychological performance; however, nearly all significant differences disappeared when the effect of gender, inattention, and hyperactive symptoms and psychiatric comorbidities were taken into account. Conclusion: Our results do not support the hypothesis that neuropsychological deficits are associated with EL in adults with ADHD.

Effects of methylphenidate on mismatch negativity and P3a amplitude of initially psychostimulant-naïve, adult ADHD patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Julijana le Sommer ◽  
Ann-Marie Low ◽  
Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen ◽  
Birgitte Fagerlund ◽  
Signe Vangkilde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Stimulus Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Information Processing Deficits ◽  
Sensory Overload

Abstract Background Deficient information processing in ADHD theoretically results in sensory overload and may underlie the symptoms of the disorder. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a amplitude reflect an individual's detection and subsequent change in attention to stimulus change in their environment. Our primary aim was to explore MMN and P3a amplitude in adult ADHD patients and to examine the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on these measures. Methods Forty initially psychostimulant-naïve, adult ADHD patients without comorbid ASD and 42 matched healthy controls (HC) were assessed with an MMN paradigm at baseline. Both groups were retested after 6 weeks, in which patients were treated with MPH. Results Neither significant group differences in MMN nor P3a amplitude were found at baseline. Although 6-week MPH treatment significantly reduced symptomatology and improved daily functioning of the patients, it did not significantly affect MMN amplitude; however, it did significantly reduce P3a amplitude compared to the HC. Furthermore, more severe ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with larger MMN amplitudes in the patients, both at baseline and follow-up. Conclusion We found no evidence for early information processing deficits in patients with ADHD, as measured with MMN and P3a amplitude. Six-week treatment with MPH decreased P3a but not MMN amplitude, although more severe ADHD-symptoms were associated with larger MMN amplitudes in the patients. Given that P3a amplitude represents an important attentional process and that glutamate has been linked to both ADHD and MMN amplitude, future research should investigate augmenting MPH treatment of less responsive adults with ADHD with glutamatergic antagonists.

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