Impact of Maternal and Child Race on Maternal Ratings of ADHD Symptoms in Black and White Boys

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 1246-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Barrett ◽  
George J. DuPaul
Keyword(s):  
Adhd Symptom ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Mothers ◽  
Symptom Ratings ◽  
Assessment Measures

Objective: Examine the influence of maternal and child race on ADHD symptom ratings. Method: Participants were Black ( n = 63) and White ( n = 68) mothers randomly assigned to view a 13-min videotape of either a Black or White boy displaying similar levels of ADHD-related behaviors during free play and meal situations. Mothers then completed an ADHD rating scale. Results: With maternal age and socioeconomic status (SES) as covariates, Black mothers provided significantly higher ratings of inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive symptoms than did White mothers regardless of child race. The effect of child race was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Maternal race appears to be more important than child race in accounting for differences in ADHD symptom ratings between Black and White boys. It is critical to understand variables related to these differences and develop assessment measures that lead to equivalent, accurate diagnostic decisions across racial subgroups.

Maternal ADHD symptoms, child ADHD symptoms and broader child outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 841-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Efron ◽  
Kirsten Furley ◽  
Alisha Gulenc ◽  
Emma Sciberras
Keyword(s):  
Adhd Symptom ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Maternal Report ◽  
Child Adhd ◽  
Maternal Adhd

ObjectiveThis study investigated the associations between maternal symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and child functional outcomes in a community-based sample of children with and without ADHD.Design and settingIn this cohort study, children with ADHD and healthy controls were recruited through schools in Melbourne, Australia, using a combined screening (Conners 3 ADHD Index) and case confirmation (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV) procedure.Patients117 children with ADHD and 149 control children were included in the analyses.Main outcome measuresMaternal ADHD symptoms (Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale) and child outcomes (ADHD severity, quality of life (QoL), academic competence, social-emotional functioning) were measured at a mean child age of 8.9 years.ResultsMothers of children with ADHD had clinically elevated ADHD symptoms compared with mothers of control children (adjusted analysis: 18.0% vs 2.0%, P<0.001). Elevated maternal ADHD symptoms were associated with greater child ADHD symptom severity and lower QoL by maternal report for children with (severity P=0.01; QoL P=0.003) and without (severity P=0.003; QoL P=0.003) ADHD. Elevated maternal ADHD symptoms were additionally associated with increased parent-rated emotional problems, peer problems and total impairment scores in children without ADHD (all P<0.01).ConclusionsMaternal ADHD symptoms are associated with increased ADHD symptom severity and reduced QoL by maternal report in offspring with or without ADHD, and have broader negative associations with emotional and social functioning in children without ADHD. In the evaluation of the referred children, maternal ADHD symptoms should be considered and referral made to adult services where indicated.

scholarly journals Motherhood, Psychological Risks, and Resources in Relation to Alcohol Use Disorder: Are There Differences between Black and White Women?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sundari Balan ◽  
Gregory Widner ◽  
Hsing-Jung Chen ◽  
Darrell Hudson ◽  
Sarah Gehlert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
White Women ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Mothers

Rates of alcohol use disorders (AUD) are generally low among women who have ever had children (mothers) compared to women who have never had children (nonmothers), presenting a motherhood advantage. It is unclear if this advantage accrues to “Black” and “White” women alike. Using National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) wave 2 cross-sectional data that is rich in alcohol use and psychological measures, we examined the following: (a) if motherhood is protective for past-year AUD among Black (N=4,133) and White women (N=11,017); (b) potential explanatory psychological mechanisms; and (c) the role of race. Prevalence of a past-year DSM-IV AUD was lower among White mothers compared to White nonmothers, but this same advantage was not observed for Black women. Perceived stress was a risk for all women, but race-ethnic segregated social networks and perceived discrimination predicted current AUD for Black mothers. Unlike White mothers, current psychological factors but not family history of alcohol problems predicted AUD for Black mothers. Future prospective studies should address the mechanisms by which race, motherhood, and psychological factors interactively affect AUD in women.

State Policies, Racial Disparities, and Income Support: A Way to Address Infant Outcomes and the Persistent Black-White Gap?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean E. Robinson ◽  
Jessica Pearlman
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Racial Inequalities ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Mothers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Low-birthweight and preterm births vary by state, and black mothers typically face twice the risk that their white counterparts do. This gap reflects an accumulation of psychosocial and material exposures which include interpersonal racism, as well as differential experience with area-level deprivation like residential segregation, and other harmful exposures that we refer to as “institutional” or “structural” racism. We use logistic regression models and a data set that includes all births from 1994-2017, as well as five state policies from this period—Aid to Families with Dependent Children/Temporary Aid for Needy Families, Housing Assistance, Medicaid, Minimum Wage and Earned Income Tax Credit—to examine whether these state social policies, designed to provide a financial “safety net,” are associated with risk reduction of low birthweight and preterm birth to black and white mothers, and whether variations in state generosity attenuate the racial inequalities in birth outcomes. We also examine whether the relationship between state policies and racial inequalities in birth outcomes is moderated by the education level of the mother. We find that the EITC reduces the risk of low birthweight and preterm birth for black mothers. The impact is much less consistent for white mothers. For both black and white mothers, the benefits to birth outcomes are larger for mothers with less education.

The Psychosocial Well-Being of Black and White Mothers Following Marital Dissolution

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary W. McKelvey ◽  
Patrick C. McKenry
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Marital Dissolution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Personal Mastery ◽  
White Mothers

This study proposed that African American cultural, social, and economic experiences would positively influence the psychosocial adjustment to marital dissolution of Black mothers as compared to White mothers. The study sample consisted of 235 Black and 662 White divorced or separated mothers from the National Survey of Families and Households. The mothers were not remarried and reported having at least one or more biological or adopted children, 18 years of age or younger, living in the home. Discriminant analysis (stepwise), after controlling for socioeconomic status and time since divorce or separation, indicated that Black mothers had higher levels of personal mastery and economic well-being and received greater formal support after divorce. Contrary to the hypotheses, White mothers received more informal support and evidenced earlier entry into dating than Black mothers. The findings document cultural variations in marital dissolution and the strengths of Black families in coping with this transition.

scholarly journals Correlation between brain function and ADHD symptom changes in children with ADHD following a few-foods diet: an open-label intervention trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saartje Hontelez ◽  
Tim Stobernack ◽  
Lidy M. Pelsser ◽  
Peter van Baarlen ◽  
Klaas Frankena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adhd Symptom ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Children With Adhd

AbstractResearch into the effect of nutrition on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children has shown that the few-foods diet (FFD) substantially decreases ADHD symptoms in 60% of children. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this open-label nutritional intervention study we investigated whether behavioural changes after following an FFD are associated with changes in brain function during inhibitory control in 79 boys with ADHD, aged 8–10 years. Parents completed the ADHD Rating Scale before (t1) and after the FFD (t2). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were acquired during a stop-signal task at t1 and t2, and initial subject-level analyses were done blinded for ARS scores. Fifty (63%) participants were diet responders, showing a decrease of ADHD symptoms of at least 40%. Fifty-three children had fMRI scans of sufficient quality for further analysis. Region-of-interest analyses demonstrated that brain activation in regions implicated in the stop-signal task was not associated with ADHD symptom change. However, whole-brain analyses revealed a correlation between ADHD symptom decrease and increased precuneus activation (pFWE(cluster) = 0.015 for StopSuccess > Go trials and pFWE(cluster) < 0.001 for StopSuccess > StopFail trials). These results provide evidence for a neurocognitive mechanism underlying the efficacy of a few-foods diet in children with ADHD.

The Psychosocial Well-Being of Black and White Mothers Following Marital Dissolution: A Brief Report of a Follow-Up Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick C. McKenry ◽  
Mary W. McKelvey
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Marital Dissolution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Informal Support ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Personal Mastery ◽  
White Mothers ◽  
Economic Well Being

A subsample of divorced/separated Black and White mothers from the National Survey of Families and Households was followed over a five-year period to determine cultural differences in psychosocial well-being. Discriminant analysis, with education and time since divorce/separation controlled, indicated that White mothers at Time 2 differed from Black mothers in terms of higher levels of personal mastery, informal support, and economic well-being. Also, White mothers evidenced significant improvement in five of the six psychosocial domains: informal support, self-esteem, happiness, economic well-being, and depression, whereas Black mothers indicated improvement in informal support and happiness, and evidenced a marginal decline in personal mastery. Cultural differences also were noted in the greater income of White mothers at Time 2 as well as a greater likelihood for White mothers to remarry.

Low Birthweight in Twins: Black and White Differences

1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.L. Waller ◽  
A. Ross ◽  
R.E. Hoskins ◽  
J.R. Daling
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Very Low Birthweight ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Risk Increase ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
White Mothers

AbstractWashington State birth certificate data for the years 1984-1988 were analyzed for 2,804 mothers of twins in order to determine whether black mothers of twins have a higher risk of delivering a low birthweight twin infant than white mothers. Seventy four percent of black mothers of twins gave birth to an infant weighing < 2500 grams (white 52.9%), while slightly less than 20% gave birth to an infant weighing <1500 grams (white 9.4%). After adjustment for maternal age, parity and marital status, the risk of black mothers giving birth to at least one twin infant <2500 grams relative to white mothers was 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.2, 1.5). When this analysis was restricted to very low birthweight babies (<1500 grams), the relative risk for infants of black mothers compared to white mothers adjusted for the same factors was 2.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.5, 3.0). The frequency of neonatal mortality in the study population was also assessed. The overall frequency of mortality in black twin infants was double that in white twins infants. When stratified by birthweight category, the frequency was higher in white infants (30.2%) than in black infants (24.1%) weighing less than 1500 grams at birth. However, within higher birthweight categories, (≥1500 grams to <2500 grams and >2500 grams), relative frequencies of neonatal mortality were higher in black infants. This analysis reveals that black mothers of twins are more likely to deliver low birthweight twin infants than white mothers. The increased risk is even more pronounced in very low birthweight twin pairs. However, the additional risks for low birthweight black twin pairs and very low birthweight twin pairs found in this study are lower than the risk increase commonly reported for the respective birthweight categories in black singleton infants relative to white singleton infants. This implies that while black twin pregnancies require many of the same special antepartum considerations given to black singleton pregnancies, the increased baseline risks associated with low birthweight and very low birthweight twin deliveries offset racial disparities traditionally seen in singleton infants.

Diverging associations of maternal age with low birthweight for black and white mothers

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet W Rich-Edwards ◽  
Stephen L Buka ◽  
Robert T Brennan ◽  
Felton Earls
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Mothers

scholarly journals Medicaid expansion and infant mortality: the (questionable) impact of the Affordable Care Act

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2019-213666
Author(s):  
Amanda Cook ◽  
Amanda Stype
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
Medicaid Expansion ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Mothers ◽  
Medicaid Eligibility ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundMany states expanded Medicaid eligibility under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Medicaid expansion might impact infant mortality through improved maternal health prior to pregnancy and reduced insurance churn. Some studies suggest the PPACA had no significant impact on low birth weight or preterm birth, while others suggest that the PPACA led to a significant decrease in infant mortality.MethodsUsing a difference-in-differences estimator with fixed effects to control for differences in state characteristics and time trends we analyse three samples of births from the CDC’s linked birth/death files from 2011 to 2017 to estimate the impact of Medicaid expansion on infant mortality.ResultsWe find mixed results. In our full sample, we find no statistically significant change in infant mortality associated with PPACA Medicaid expansion. However, when we restrict the sample to states who had adopted the 2003 birth certificate form and when we further exclude states with a Medicaid waiver, in both samples we see reductions in infant mortality for babies born to mothers of all races. When we stratify by race, we find infant mortality decreased for babies born to white mothers. However, this decrease is not seen for babies born to black mothers.ConclusionsMedicaid expansion under the PPACA has an impact on infant mortality, but the results are sensitive to the sample of states included in the study. There is suggestive evidence that Medicaid expansion is not closing the infant mortality gap between black and white babies.

Core ADHD Symptom Improvement With Atomoxetine Versus Methylphenidate

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 674-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Hazell ◽  
Michael R. Kohn ◽  
Ruth Dickson ◽  
Richard J. Walton ◽  
Renee E. Granger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Adhd Symptom ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Symptom Improvement ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Symptom Response ◽  
Noninferiority Margin

Objective: Previous studies comparing atomoxetine and methylphenidate to treat ADHD symptoms have been equivocal. This noninferiority meta-analysis compared core ADHD symptom response between atomoxetine and methylphenidate in children and adolescents. Method: Selection criteria included randomized, controlled design; duration 6 weeks; and assessment of ADHD Rating Scale–IV–Parent Version: Investigator Administered and Scored (ADHDRS) scores. Six-week response rates, defined as ≥40% reduction in ADHDRS total score, were compared using a noninferiority margin of −15%. Results: Seven studies met inclusion criteria ( N = 1,368). After 6 weeks, 53.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 48.6%-58.4%) of atomoxetine-treated patients ( n = 811) had responded compared with 54.4% (47.6%-61.1%) for methylphenidate ( n = 557), with atomoxetine demonstrating noninferiority to methylphenidate (absolute difference −0.9%, 95% CI −9.2%-7.5%). Conclusion: After 6 weeks of treatment atomoxetine and methylphenidate had comparable efficacy in reducing core ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents.

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