scholarly journals The Mode Heuristic in Service Consumers’ Interpretations of Online Rating Distributions

2021 ◽  
pp. 109467052110124
Author(s):  
Sarah Köcher ◽  
Sören Köcher
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Visual Salience ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Volume Average ◽  
Online Rating ◽  
Process Level ◽  
Shed Light

In this article, the authors demonstrate a tendency among consumers to use the arithmetic mode as a heuristic basis when drawing inferences from graphical displays of online rating distributions in such a way that service evaluations inferred from rating distributions systematically vary by the location of the mode. The rationale underlying this phenomenon is that the mode (i.e., the most frequent rating which is represented by the tallest bar in a graphical display) attracts consumers’ attention because of its visual salience and is thus disproportionately weighted when they draw conclusions. Across a series of eight studies, the authors provide strong empirical evidence for the existence of the mode heuristic, shed light on this phenomenon at the process level, and demonstrate how consumers’ inferences based on the mode heuristic depend on the visual salience of the mode. Together, the findings of these studies contribute to a better understanding of how service customers process and interpret graphical illustrations of online rating distributions and provide companies with a new key figure that—aside from rating volume, average ratings, and rating dispersion—should be incorporated in the monitoring, analyzing, and evaluating of review data.

Power-Enhanced Funnel Plots for Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kossmeier ◽  
Ulrich S. Tran ◽  
Martin Voracek
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Selective Reporting ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Funnel Plot ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Funnel Plots ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. Currently, dedicated graphical displays to depict study-level statistical power in the context of meta-analysis are unavailable. Here, we introduce the sunset (power-enhanced) funnel plot to visualize this relevant information for assessing the credibility, or evidential value, of a set of studies. The sunset funnel plot highlights the statistical power of primary studies to detect an underlying true effect of interest in the well-known funnel display with color-coded power regions and a second power axis. This graphical display allows meta-analysts to incorporate power considerations into classic funnel plot assessments of small-study effects. Nominally significant, but low-powered, studies might be seen as less credible and as more likely being affected by selective reporting. We exemplify the application of the sunset funnel plot with two published meta-analyses from medicine and psychology. Software to create this variation of the funnel plot is provided via a tailored R function. In conclusion, the sunset (power-enhanced) funnel plot is a novel and useful graphical display to critically examine and to present study-level power in the context of meta-analysis.

Working Women’s Decision-Making Power at Home: Evidence from Four North Indian Urban Clusters

Urbanisation ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 245574712110258
Author(s):  
Megan Maxwell ◽  
Milan Vaishnav
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Household Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Shed Light

Do working women enjoy greater levels of human agency? While the theoretical foundations underlying this connection are clear, the empirical evidence is quite mixed. We leverage detailed, new data on intra-household decision-making and labour market behaviour from four north Indian urban clusters to shed light on this question. We find that women who work exercise greater say in important decisions around the home. However, this ‘work advantage’ exhibits significant heterogeneity across decision types, decision-making domains, and definitions of work.

The Effect of Visual Illusions on the Graphical Display of Information

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Amer ◽  
Sury Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Decision Biases

ABSTRACT: Graphical displays of business and accounting information are widely used as decision aids. Theoretical work in visual perception indicates graphs that exhibit certain characteristics create visual illusions that may result in biased decision making. This paper reports the results of an experiment that demonstrates how such two-dimensional and three-dimensional visual illusions cause viewers to make biased comparison judgments. The experiment also shows that these decision biases can be mitigated by including gridlines in both two- and three-dimensional graphs.

scholarly journals Phenomenology and Experimental Psychology: On the Prospects and Limitations of Experimental Research for a Phenomenological Epistemology

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Berghofer
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Transcendental Phenomenology ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Phenomenological Conception

AbstractHusserl’s transcendental phenomenology is first and foremost a science of the structures of consciousness. Since it is intended to yield eidetic, i. e., a priori insights, it is often assumed that transcendental phenomenology and the natural sciences are totally detached from each other such that phenomenological investigations cannot possibly benefit from empirical evidence. The aim of this paper is to show that a beneficial relationship is possible. To be more precise, I will show how Husserl’s a priori investigations on consciousness can be supplemented by research in experimental psychology in order to tackle fundamental questions in epistemology. Our result will be a phenomenological conception of experiential justification that is in accordance with and supported by empirical phenomena such as perceptual learning and the phenomenon of blindsight. Finally, I shall shed light on the systematic limits of empirical research.

scholarly journals Vertical Integration and Firm Boundaries: The Evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine Lafontaine ◽  
Margaret Slade
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Firm Boundaries ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Seminal Paper ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Cross Fertilization ◽  
Shed Light

Since Ronald H. Coase's (1937) seminal paper, a rich set of theories has been developed that deal with firm boundaries in vertical or input–output structures. In the last twenty-five years, empirical evidence that can shed light on those theories also has been accumulating. We review the findings of empirical studies that have addressed two main interrelated questions: First, what types of transactions are best brought within the firm and, second, what are the consequences of vertical integration decisions for economic outcomes such as prices, quantities, investment, and profits. Throughout, we highlight areas of potential cross-fertilization and promising areas for future work.

Syntactic Cartography

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ur Shlonsky ◽  
Giuliano Bocci
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
Comparative Syntax ◽  
Functional Hierarchy ◽  
Shed Light

Syntactic cartography emerged in the 1990s as a result of the growing consensus in the field about the central role played by functional elements and by morphosyntactic features in syntax. The declared aim of this research direction is to draw maps of the structures of syntactic constituents, characterize their functional structure, and study the array and hierarchy of syntactically relevant features. Syntactic cartography has made significant empirical discoveries, and its methodology has been very influential in research in comparative syntax and morphosyntax. A central theme in current cartographic research concerns the source of the emerging featural/structural hierarchies. The idea that the functional hierarchy is not a primitive of Universal Grammar but derives from other principles does not undermine the scientific relevance of the study of the cartographic structures. On the contrary, the cartographic research aims at providing empirical evidence that may help answer these questions about the source of the hierarchy and shed light on how the computational principles and requirements of the interface with sound and meaning interact.

Does Mandatory Retrospective Hedge Effectiveness Assessment under ASC 815 Provide Risk-Relevant Information?

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-85
Author(s):  
Zhihong Chen ◽  
Alfred Zhu Liu ◽  
Gim S. Seow ◽  
Hong Xie
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Potential Usefulness ◽  
Compliance Costs ◽  
Current Accounting ◽  
Effectiveness Assessment ◽  
Shed Light

SYNOPSIS Current accounting standards permit special accounting treatment of derivatives used for hedging purposes. However, the requirement to perform periodic, retrospective assessments of hedge effectiveness and to disclose a quantitative accounting measure of hedge ineffectiveness (AMHI) for such derivatives has been controversial. In response to concerns over the compliance costs of this requirement, the FASB removed this requirement in the recently effective ASU 2017-12. However, this change was made with little empirical evidence on the benefits of retrospective effectiveness assessment and quantitative disclosure of AMHI. We document one potential benefit of this requirement to investors by providing initial evidence that (1) AMHI is positively associated with an array of concurrent market- and accounting-based risk measures and (2) investors react negatively to large AMHIs and related disclosures upon 10-K filings. Our findings suggest that this requirement can provide investors with risk-relevant information and shed light on its potential usefulness.

scholarly journals The Open Innovation Paradigm

Economics ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 1682-1703
Author(s):  
Luca Ganzerla ◽  
Cinzia Colapinto ◽  
Elena Rocco
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Organizational Innovation ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Value Network ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Shed Light

The aim of this chapter is to shed light on an emerging educational and business paradigm, stemming from the digital revolution and the opportunities disclosed by Open Innovation. The central idea behind Open Innovation is that, in a world of widely distributed knowledge, companies cannot afford to rely entirely on their own research but should instead buy or license processes or inventions from other actors. After pointing out the potential benefits of digital storytelling and of Web 2.0 and 3.0 for promoting pedagogical and organizational innovation, the authors present an application of the Open Innovation Paradigm in education: the Value Generating Framework. The chapter offers empirical evidence of the benefits through an in-depth analysis of the alliance between the Italian Zoo “Parco Natura Viva” and the Italian foundation “Radio Magica.” This knowledge-intensive, collaborative, value network paradigm is more successful than the previous firm-centric paradigm.

scholarly journals Testing the Semantic Homogeneity Constraint

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset ◽  
Anastasia Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Semantic Factor ◽  
Homogeneous Domains ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Shed Light

Although it has been widely assumed in historical linguistics that semantics plays a crucial role in analogical change, it is difficult to pinpoint the contribution of the semantic factor, since meaning and form work closely together in bringing about language change. The purpose of the present article is to shed light on the issue by means of two case studies from Russian, which enable us to isolate the role of semantics. The hypothesis we test is that analogical change is restricted to semantically homogeneous domains. We call this the Semantic Homogeneity Constraint. Two phenomena from Russian conjugation are explored: suffix shift and NU-drop. Although they seem parallel, analogical change occurs in the former, but not in the latter. It is argued that this is because the verbs involved in suffix shift constitute a semantically homogeneous domain, within which analogical change can take place. By contrast, NU-verbs are semantically diverse, and these semantic differences create boundaries which block analogical change. The findings have implications both for Russian and general linguistics. While suffix shift and NU-drop are well-known phenomena in Russian conjugation, they have not been juxtaposed and compared before. Our comparison provides new insights about the differences and similarities of the two phenomena. From the perspective of historical linguistics, the present article contributes to the theory of analogy, insofar as we provide empirical evidence for the Semantic Homogeneity Constraint, which places restrictions on semantic domains where analogical change can take place.

scholarly journals Revisiting Dropout: Escaping Pressure for Training Neural Networks with Multiple Costs

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 989
Author(s):  
Sangmin Woo ◽  
Kangil Kim ◽  
Junhyug Noh ◽  
Jong-Hun Shin ◽  
Seung-Hoon Na
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Image Classification ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Shared Structure ◽  
Shed Light

A common approach to jointly learn multiple tasks with a shared structure is to optimize the model with a combined landscape of multiple sub-costs. However, gradients derived from each sub-cost often conflicts in cost plateaus, resulting in a subpar optimum. In this work, we shed light on such gradient conflict challenges and suggest a solution named Cost-Out, which randomly drops the sub-costs for each iteration. We provide the theoretical and empirical evidence of the existence of escaping pressure induced by the Cost-Out mechanism. While simple, the empirical results indicate that the proposed method can enhance the performance of multi-task learning problems, including two-digit image classification sampled from MNIST dataset and machine translation tasks for English from and to French, Spanish, and German WMT14 datasets.

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