The Effect of Visual Illusions on the Graphical Display of Information

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Amer ◽  
Sury Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Decision Biases

ABSTRACT: Graphical displays of business and accounting information are widely used as decision aids. Theoretical work in visual perception indicates graphs that exhibit certain characteristics create visual illusions that may result in biased decision making. This paper reports the results of an experiment that demonstrates how such two-dimensional and three-dimensional visual illusions cause viewers to make biased comparison judgments. The experiment also shows that these decision biases can be mitigated by including gridlines in both two- and three-dimensional graphs.

A Comparison of Three Visual Representations of Complex Multidimensional Accounting Information

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Dull ◽  
David P. Tegarden
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Interactive Computer Program ◽  
Data Output ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship between three visual representations (two-dimensional, three-dimensional fixed, and three-dimensional rotatable) of multidimensional data, and the subjects' ability to make predictions based on the data. Output of a momentum accounting system was simulated and graphics were rendered based on that information. An interactive computer program was developed and used to administer the laboratory experiment and collect results. Subjects made prediction decisions based on the graphics produced for four companies. Each subject made predictions for one type of graphics representation for each of the four companies. Subjects using three-dimensional data that could be rotated provided the most accurate predictions. This finding is significant in a systems environment where visualizations and graphics are steadily increasing. The results should be considered when developing systems to provide accounting system users with information for making decisions, especially when the information to be presented is multidimensional in nature.

Bias Due to Visual Illusion in the Graphical Presentation of Accounting Information

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Amer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Illusion ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Line Graphs ◽  
Information Display ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
On Line ◽  
Graphical Presentation ◽  
Practical Implications

Graphical displays of information are among the most common decision aids available. Recent research has focused on how graphs that have been prepared without following key preparation guidelines impact decision making. This paper adds to the literature by demonstrating that visual illusion may bias decision makers who view data from the graph, even if the graphs are prepared according to key-preparation guidelines. The investigation of a visual illusion (i.e., an unintended consequence even in a correctly depicted graph) contrasts with prior studies in accounting that have typically examined manipulated graphs (i.e., intentionally distorted, incorrectly depicted graphs). A laboratory study incorporated a 2×2 design to examine the effects of the so-called “Poggendorff illusion” and the possible mitigating effect of adding horizontal gridlines. It shows that decision makers may systematically underestimate or overestimate the values displayed on line graphs. In addition, this research suggests that the bias can be moderated by including horizontal gridlines on line graphs. Adding horizontal gridlines also reduces the variance in some values decision makers view in graphs. The results have both theoretical and practical implications for information display.

The Three-Dimensional Necker Cube

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Necker Cube ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Reversible Figure ◽  
Sensory Signals ◽  
Dimensional Version ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theoretical Issues

The Necker cube is a widely known example of a reversible figure. Perceptual reversals were first observed in engravings of crystals by the Swiss geologist Louis Albert Necker in 1832. Although Necker’s engravings were not exactly of regular cubes, the figure as it is used now can be perceived in two alternative arrangements of a three-dimensional (3D) cube. Although less widely known than the popular two-dimensional version, the 3D Necker cube is a surprisingly rich model for psychophysical investigation. This chapter summarizes relevant main results and their implications for diverse theoretical issues such as the definition of visual illusions, the role of global three-dimensional interpretations in the integration of local sensory signals, and the exploratory and multisensory nature of perceptual processes.

Decision Statistic Mapping and Number of Information Dimensions on Decision Making with Graphical Displays

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1503-1507
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Mitchell ◽  
David W. Biers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Decision Statistic ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Feature Theory ◽  
Intermediate Performance ◽  
Bar Graphs

This study sought to: (1) analytically separate the components of a graphical display which contributed to performance on integrated and separable tasks; and (2) determine the effect of the number of dimensions of information which had to be integrated. To that end, the study employed a 7 × 3 mixed design with seven displays manipulated between-subjects and the number of information dimensions (three, six, and nine) manipulated within-subjects. The seven displays examined included two bar graphs (non-object and object formats), two midline displays (non-object and object formats), a direct graphical display, and two numerical displays (numerical separable and numerical integrative). Based upon propositions generated from emergent feature theory, the ability to integrate information in these displays should be a function of the faithfulness, saliency, and directness of mapping the decision statistic onto the display. Results indicated that the displays which directly represented the integrated decision, the numerical integrative and the direct graphical displays, resulted in the best performance. Intermediate performance was obtained on those displays (i.e. the object bar graph, the non-object midline, and the object midline) which incorporated faithfulness, saliency, or both, respectively. The worst performance on the integrated task was exhibited for those displays (i.e. the numerical separable and the non-object bar) which did not represent directness, faithfulness, or saliency. For both the integrated and separable tasks, accuracy increased as the number of information dimensions increased. The unexpected direction of this effect was attributed to subjects” investing more resources in performing the task at the six or nine cue levels due to the perceived increase in difficulty of the task.

Extension Cues in Open and Closed Figures

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-315
Author(s):  
Norman Worrall ◽  
Diane Firth
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Line Drawings

Subjects were shown line drawings of figures differing in degree of closure, and asked what the drawings most looked like. Responses were dichotomized into “upright” (e.g. beaker) and “extended” (e.g. runway). Although, overall, about twice as many upright as extended responses were given, relatively open figures yielded about twice as many extended responses as did relatively closed figures. Converging lines as such appeared an unexpectedly weak cue for extension, and horizontal discontinuity in a drawing seemed more suggestive of extension than did vertical discontinuity. Reclassifying the responses as two- or three-dimensional showed that although two-dimensional responses were less common overall, they were three times as common in relatively closed drawings. Predictions are made relating the findings to standard visual illusions.

Visualisation of Clinical Gait Data Using a Self-Organising Artificial Neural Network

2011 ◽  
pp. 197-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabor J. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Inform Decision Making

The decision-making performance of gait experts varies depending on their background, training and experience. They have to analyse large quantities of complex gait data and this gives rise to an unbalanced use of the available information. These limitations inevitably lead to a biased interpretation. In this study, self-organising artificial neural networks were used to reduce the complexity of joint kinematic and kinetic data which form part of a typical instrumented gait assessment. Three dimensional joint angles, moments and powers during the gait cycle were projected from the multi-dimensional data space onto a topological neural map which thereby identified gait stem-patterns. Patients were positioned on the map in relation to each other and this enabled them to be compared on the basis of their gait patterns. The visualisation of large amounts of complex data in a two-dimensional map labelled with gait patterns is an enabling step towards more objective analysis protocols which will better inform decision making.

Visualizing Methods of Multi-criteria Alternatives for Pairwise Comparison Procedure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Zaharova ◽  
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Korostelev
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Inviscid Flow ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Combined Method ◽  
Visualization Tools ◽  
Flow Around A Cone

The article deals with the problem of choosing a preferred alternative in a pairwise comparison procedure. The difficulties of applying this procedure in a case of using alternatives with a large number of criteria are noted. It is proposed to supplement the procedure of expert pairwise comparison with visualization tools of multi-criteria alternatives. The paper considers several visualization methods for multi-criteria alternatives for pairwise comparison procedures: histograms, two-dimensional graphs, three-dimensional surfaces, probability distribution diagrams, visualization based on modifications of radar and radial diagrams, as well as combined methods. It described an experimental study of the application of the considered method for the task of determining the preferred alternative by the example of choosing one of two OpenFoam solvers (rhoCentralFoam and pisaCentralFoam), with the help of which estimates of the accuracy of calculating the inviscid flow around a cone were obtained. Each solver is characterized by 288 criteria. It is shown that the use of some of the methods considered does not make it possible for the expert to make a choice. In this case, a good result was obtained using methods for constructing three-dimensional surfaces, probability distribution diagrams, as well as using the combined method based on modified radar diagrams. It is concluded that the rhoCentralFoam solver is more preferable if there are no additional criteria for ranking the criteria. The possibility of using the combined method in combination with the ranking procedure of criteria (or their groups) during decision-making is also noted.

3D Visualization of Document Retrieval Spaces Using VRML

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
3D Visualization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Document Retrieval ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Graphical Displays

With the advent of more powerful workstations on the Internet capable of fast graphical displays, the possibility of using a three dimensional visualization of a database of documents is greater than ever before. Much previous work on the visualization of documents has concentrated on the two dimensional representation of document spaces.

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

Instrumentation For Quantitative Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 206-209
Author(s):  
B. Ralph ◽  
A.R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Phase Volume Fraction ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Automatic Data Collection ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Evolution Of Microstructure

In all fields of microscopy there is an increasing interest in the quantification of microstructure. This interest may stem from a desire to establish quality control parameters or may have a more fundamental requirement involving the derivation of parameters which partially or completely define the three dimensional nature of the microstructure. This latter categorey of study may arise from an interest in the evolution of microstructure or from a desire to generate detailed property/microstructure relationships. In the more fundamental studies some convolution of two-dimensional data into the third dimension (stereological analysis) will be necessary.In some cases the two-dimensional data may be acquired relatively easily without recourse to automatic data collection and further, it may prove possible to perform the data reduction and analysis relatively easily. In such cases the only recourse to machines may well be in establishing the statistical confidence of the resultant data. Such relatively straightforward studies tend to result from acquiring data on the whole assemblage of features making up the microstructure. In this field data mode, when parameters such as phase volume fraction, mean size etc. are sought, the main case for resorting to automation is in order to perform repetitive analyses since each analysis is relatively easily performed.

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