Quantification of residual ellipsoid zone and its correlation with visual functions in patients with cone-rod dystrophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212199056
Author(s):  
Takumi Hara ◽  
Han Peng Zhou ◽  
Marie Kitano ◽  
Kana Kure ◽  
Ryo Asaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Ellipsoid Zone ◽  
Visual Functions ◽  
The Mean

Cone-rod dystrophy (CORD) is one of the inherited retinal diseases that result in central visual field deterioration and decreased visual acuity (VA). In CORD patients, impaired photoreceptor cells are observed as the disruption of ellipsoid zone (EZ) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. In the present study, we calculated the index of residual EZ (rEZ) to quantify the function of photoreceptor cells and investigated the correlation between rEZ index and visual functions. Twenty-six eyes of 13 patients with clinical suspicion of CORD were examined. Visual field was tested with the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (HFA 10-2 program). We simultaneously obtained OCT images and calculated the area of decreased EZ intensity (EZa). Using the binarized OCT images, the percentage of the rEZ in a 3 × 3 mm area surrounding the macula was analyzed. To clarify interrator reproducibility, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Moreover, we investigated the association between OCT parameters and VA as well as the mean deviation (MD) value measured with HFA. The mean age of the patients was 48.5 ± 16.9 years. The mean central retinal thickness was 122.7 ± 73.2 μm. The mean EZa and rEZ were 22.2 ± 23.6 μm2 and 0.35 ± 0.31, respectively. The ICC of each rEZ index was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89 < ICC < 0.93). Multivariate analysis indicated rEZ was significantly related to logMAR VA ( p = 0.05) and rEZ and EZa were associated with the MD value ( p = 0.014 and p = 0.009, linear mixed model). Furthermore, rEZ was also associated with photopic a- and b-wave amplitudes ( p = 0.027 and p = 0.0024, respectively, linear mixed model). Taken together, the current results suggested the usefulness of rEZ quantification for predicting visual functions in CORD patients.

Central macular OCTA parameters in glaucoma

2021 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2021-319574
Author(s):  
Takashi Nishida ◽  
Won Hyuk Oh ◽  
Sasan Moghimi ◽  
Adeleh Yarmohammadi ◽  
Huiyuan Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Foveal Avascular Zone ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Automated Perimetry ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Foveal Thickness ◽  
Glaucoma Suspect

Background/aimsTo investigate the relationship between the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and central visual field parameters in glaucoma and healthy subjects.MethodsOne hundred and eighty-eight subjects (248 eyes), including 24 healthy (38 eyes), 37 glaucoma suspect (42 eyes, and 127 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients (168 eyes), underwent imaging using OCTA and standard automated perimetry using the 24-2 and 10-2 Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm. OCTA-based and OCT-based FAZ parameters (superficial FAZ area, FAZ circumference), foveal vessel density (FD300) and foveal thickness were measured. The correlation between FAZ parameters and visual field parameters was assessed using linear mixed model.ResultsAxial length adjusted-FAZ area was not different among the three groups (mean (95% CI)): in healthy 0.31 (0.27 to 0.36) mm2, glaucoma suspect 0.29 (0.26 to 0.31) mm2 and POAG eyes 0.28 (0.27 to 0.30) mm2 (p=0.578). FD300 was lower in glaucoma suspect 49.1% (47.9% to 50.4%) and POAG eyes 48.7% (48.1% to 49.4%) than healthy eyes 50.5% (49.3% to 51.7%) though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.071). Lower FD300 was associated with worse 24-2 and 10-2 visual field mean deviation and foveal threshold in multivariable linear mixed models (all p<0.05). In addition, a smaller FAZ area was associated with lower intraocular pressure (IOP) (p=0.026).ConclusionsThe FD300, but not the FAZ area was correlated with 10° central visual field mean deviation and foveal threshold in healthy, glaucoma suspect and POAG eyes. In contrast, a smaller FAZ area was associated with lower IOP.

scholarly journals Correlation between fundus autofluorescence and visual function in patients with cone-rod dystrophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Kanda ◽  
Takumi Hara ◽  
Ryosuke Fujino ◽  
Keiko Azuma ◽  
Hirotsugu Soga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Imaging

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between autofluorescence (AF) signal measured with ultra-wide field imaging and visual functions in patients with cone-rod dystrophy (CORD). A retrospective chart review was performed for CORD patients. We performed the visual field test and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) measurement and visualized retinal structures with optical coherence tomography (OCT) on the same day. Using binarised FAF images, we identified a low FAF area ratio (LFAR: low FAF/30°). Relationships between age and logMAR visual acuity (VA), central retinal thickness (CRT), central choroidal thickness (CCT), mean deviation (MD) value, and LFAR were investigated. Thirty-seven eyes of 21 CORD patients (8 men and 13 women) were enrolled. The mean patient age was 49.8 years. LogMAR VA and MD were 0.52 ± 0.47 and − 17.91 ± 10.59 dB, respectively. There was a significant relationship between logMAR VA and MD (p = 0.001). LogMAR VA significantly correlated with CRT (p = 0.006) but not with other parameters. Conversely, univariate analysis suggested a significant relationship between MD and LFAR (p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, LFAR was significantly associated with MD (p = 0.002). In conclusion, it is useful to measure the low FAF area in patients with CORD. The AF measurement reflects the visual field deterioration but not VA in CORD.

Relationship between mean follow-up intraocular pressure, rates of visual field progression and current target intraocular pressure guidelines

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-317406
Author(s):  
Bruna Melchior ◽  
Carlos Gustavo De Moraes ◽  
Jayter S Paula ◽  
George A Cioffi ◽  
Christopher A Girkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Current Guideline ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
The Mean

AimsTo investigate if eyes presenting intraocular pressure (IOP) within the limits of current guideline-driven target IOP indeed experience slow rates of glaucomatous visual field (VF) progression.MethodsA total of 8598 24-2 VF tests from 603 eyes from the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study with manifest glaucoma were included. The sample was split into three groups based on baseline VF mean deviation (MD): G1 (better than −5.0 dB), G2 (−5.0 to −10 dB) and G3 (worse than −10 dB). We investigated the relationship between existing target IOP guidelines and rates of MD progression in these groups.ResultsFor stable eyes, the medians and IQR of the mean follow-up IOP were G1=15.0 mmHg (IQR: 13.1 to 17.7), G2=13.2 mmHg (IQR: 11.6 to 14.3) and G3=11.9 mmHg (IQR: 10.1 to 13.8) (p<0.01). When considering the mean follow-up IOP within the limits proposed by current guidelines, the median MD slopes were: −0.20 dB/y (IQR: −0.43 to −0.02) for G1<21 mmHg, −0.19 dB/y (IQR: −0.51 to −0.01) for G2<18 mmHg and −0.15 dB/y (IQR: −0.47 to 0.05) for G3<15 mmHg (p=0.63). There were no significant differences between racial groups.ConclusionIn a sample of patients with manifest glaucoma, despite substantial variability between eyes, adherence to treatment guidelines helped slow the rates of global VF progression at various stages of disease.Trial registration numberclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00221923.

scholarly journals Improved cephalic index following early cranial vault remodeling in patients with isolated nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. E7
Author(s):  
Arvid Frostell ◽  
Maryam Haghighi ◽  
Jiri Bartek ◽  
Ulrika Sandvik ◽  
Bengt Gustavsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Cranial Vault ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Cephalic Index ◽  
Sagittal Synostosis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cranial Vault Remodeling

OBJECTIVE Isolated nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis (SS) is the most common form of craniosynostosis in children, accounting for approximately 60% of all craniosynostoses. The typical cranial measurement used to define and follow SS is the cephalic index (CI). Several surgical techniques have been suggested, but agreement on type and timing of surgery is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the authors’ institutional experience of surgically treating SS using a modified subtotal cranial vault remodeling technique in a population-based cohort. Special attention was directed toward the effect of patient age at time of surgery on long-term CI outcome. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on all patients with isolated nonsyndromic SS who were surgically treated from 2003 to 2011. Data from electronic medical records were gathered. Eighty-two patients with SS were identified, 77 fulfilled inclusion criteria, and 72 had sufficient follow-up data and were included. CI during follow-up after surgery was investigated with ANOVA and a linear mixed model. RESULTS In total, 72 patients were analyzed, consisting of 16 females (22%) and 56 males (78%). The mean ± SD age at surgery was 4.1 ± 3.1 months. Blood transfusions were received by 81% of patients (26% intraoperatively, 64% postoperatively, 9% both). The mean ± SD time in the pediatric ICU was 1.1 ± 0.25 days, and the mean ± SD total hospital length of stay was 4.6 ± 2.0 days. No patient required reoperation. The mean ± SD CI increased from 69 ± 3 to 87 ± 5 for patients who underwent surgery before 45 days of age. Surgery resulted in a larger increase in CI for patients who underwent surgery at a younger age compared with older patients (p < 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test). In the comparison of patients who underwent surgery before 45 days of age with patients who underwent surgery at 45–90, 90–180, and more than 180 days of age, the linear mixed model estimated a long-term loss of CI of 3.0, 5.5, and 7.4 points, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The modified subtotal cranial vault remodeling technique used in this study significantly improved CI in patients with SS. The best results were achieved when surgery was performed early in life.

scholarly journals Classification and Statistical Trend Analysis in Detecting Glaucomatous Visual Field Progression

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Cristiana Valente ◽  
Elisa D’Alessandro ◽  
Michele Iester
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Threshold Strategy ◽  
Visual Field Progression ◽  
The Mean

Aim. To evaluate the agreement between different methods in detection of glaucomatous visual field progression using two classification-based methods and four statistical approaches based on trend analysis. Methods. This is a retrospective and longitudinal study. Twenty Caucasian patients (mean age 73.8 ± 13.43 years) with open-angle glaucoma were recruited in the study. Each visual field was assessed by Humphrey Field Analyzer, program SITA standard 30-2 or 24-2 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA). Full threshold strategy was also accepted for baseline tests. Progression was analyzed by using Hodapp–Parrish–Anderson classification and the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study visual field defect score. For the statistical analysis, linear regression (r2) was calculated for mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), and visual field index (VFI), and when it was significant, each series of visual field was considered progressive. We also used Progressor to look for a significant progression of each visual field series. The agreement between methods, based on statistical analysis and classification, was evaluated using a weighted kappa statistic. Results. Thirty-eight visual field series were analyzed. The mean follow-up time was 6.2 ± 1.53 years (mean ± standard deviation). At baseline, the mean MD was −7.34 ± 7.18 dB; at the end of the follow-up, the mean MD was −9.25 ± 8.65 dB; this difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The agreement to detect progression was fair between all methods based on statistical analysis and classification except for PSD r2. A substantial agreement (κ = 0.698 ± 0.126) was found between MD r2 and VFI r2. With the use of all the statistical analysis, there was a better time-saving. Conclusions. The best agreement to detect progression was found between MD r2 and VFI r2. VFI r2 showed the best agreement with all the other methods. GPA2 can help ophthalmologists to detect glaucoma progression and to help in treatment decisions. PSD r2 was the worse method to detect progression.

Impact of Physician Navigators on productivity indicators in the ED

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander K Leung ◽  
Gaurav Puri ◽  
Bingshu E Chen ◽  
Zhenxian Gong ◽  
Eddie Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Patient Volume ◽  
Autoregressive Modelling ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Left Without Being Seen ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Physician Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Productivity Indicators

ObjectivesWe created Physician Navigators in our ED to help improve emergency physician (EP) productivity. We aimed to quantify the effect of Physician Navigators on measures of EP productivity: patient seen per hour (Pt/hr), and turn-around time (TAT) to discharge. Secondary objectives included examining their impact on measures of ED throughput for non-resuscitative patients: ED length of stay (LOS), door-to-physician time and left-without-being-seen rates (LWBS).MethodsIn this retrospective study, 6845 clinical shifts worked by 20 EPs at a community ED in Newmarket, Canada from 1 January 2012 to 31 March 2015 were evaluated. Using a clustered design, we compared productivity measures between shifts with and without Physician Navigators, by physician. We used a linear mixed model to examine mean changes in Pt/hr and TAT to discharge for EPs who employed Physician Navigators. For secondary objectives, autoregressive modelling was performed to compare ED throughput metrics before and after the implementation of Physician Navigators for non-resuscitative patients.ResultsPatient volumes increased by 20 patients per day (p<0.001). Mean Pt/hr increased by 1.07 patients per hour (0.98 to 1.16, p<0.001). The mean TAT to discharge decreased by 10.6 min (−13.2 to −8.0, p<0.001). After implementation of the Physician Navigator programme, overall mean LOS for non-resuscitative patients decreased by 2.6 min (p=0.007), and mean door-to-physician time decreased by 7.4 min (p<0.001). LBWS rates decreased from 1.13% to 0.63% of daily patient volume (p<0.001).ConclusionDespite an ED volume increase, the use of a Physician Navigator was associated with significant improvements in EP productivity, and significant reductions in ED throughput times.

scholarly journals Deep Sclerectomy with Goniosynechiolysis Ab Interno for Chronic Glaucoma Associated with Peripheral Anterior Synechiae

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Mirshahi ◽  
Peter Raak ◽  
Katharina Ponto ◽  
Bernhard Stoffelns ◽  
Katrin Lorenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Glaucoma Surgery ◽  
Deep Sclerectomy ◽  
Chronic Glaucoma ◽  
Target Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ab Interno

Purpose. To report one-year results of phacoemulsification combined with deep sclerectomy and goniosynechiolysis ab interno for chronic glaucoma associated with peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS).Methods. We retrospectively analyzed medical charts of 16 patients (20 eyes) treated by one-site combined phacoemulsification and deep sclerectomy with goniosynechiolysis ab interno. PAS were transected by a spatula introduced into the anterior chamber through a paracentesis. To account for the correlation of right and left eyes a linear mixed model with unstructured covariance structure was calculated.Results. The mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was20.3±5.2 mmHg with2.4±1.0medications. One year postoperatively, the mean IOP was15.3±3.3 mmHg (P=0.004, pairedt-test) with0.6±1.0medications. A postoperative IOP of ≤21 mmHg without medication was achieved in 17 of 19 eyes (89.5%) and in 12/19 eyes (63.2%) at 3 and 12 months after surgery, respectively. In the remaining eyes (10.5% at 3 months and 36.8% at 12 months), additional medication led to an IOP ≤21 mmHg or the target pressure. No case required further glaucoma surgery. In one eye, conversion of the surgery to trabeculectomy was necessary due to Descemet’s window rupture.Conclusions. With goniosynechiolysis ab interno, effective and safe nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery is possible in presence of PAS.

scholarly journals Diurnal Rhythm rather than Dietary Iron Mediates Daily Hepcidin Variations

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte CM Schaap ◽  
Jan CM Hendriks ◽  
Guus AM Kortman ◽  
Siem M Klaver ◽  
Joyce JC Kroot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
The Mean

BACKGROUND The iron-regulating hormone hepcidin is a promising biomarker in the diagnosis of iron disorders. Concentrations of hepcidin have been shown to increase during the day in individuals who are following a regular diet. It is currently unknown whether these increases are determined by an innate rhythm or by other factors. We aimed to assess the effect of dietary iron on hepcidin concentrations during the day. METHODS Within a 7-day interval, 32 volunteers received an iron-deficient diet on 1 day and the same diet supplemented with 65 mg ferrous fumarate at 0815 and 1145 on another day. Blood was drawn to assess ferritin, hepcidin-25, and transferrin saturation (TS) throughout both days at 4 time points between 0800 (fasted) and 1600. A linear mixed model for repeated data was used to analyze the effect of iron intake on TS and hepcidin concentrations. RESULTS Baseline values of hepcidin at 0800 correlated significantly with ferritin (r = 0.61). During the day of an iron-deficient diet the mean TS was similar both in men and in women, whereas hepcidin increased. During the day with iron supplementation the mean TS was significantly higher both in men and in women, and the mean hepcidin was moderately but significantly higher in women (1.0 nmol/L, 95% CI, 0.2–1.8) but not in men (0.0 nmol/L, 95% CI, −0.8 to 0.8). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that ferritin sets the basal hepcidin concentrations and suggest that innate diurnal rhythm rather than dietary iron mediates the daily hepcidin variations. These findings will be useful for optimizing sampling protocols and will facilitate the interpretation of hepcidin as an iron biomarker.

scholarly journals Substance Use Among Patients Receiving Out- and Inpatient Dependence Care: a Prospective Norwegian Cohort Study From 2016 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jørn Henrik Vold ◽  
Fatemeh Chalabianloo ◽  
Christer F. Aas ◽  
Else-Marie Løberg ◽  
Kjell Arne Johansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Opioid Agonist ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract BackgroundContinuous use of amphetamines, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, or opioids contributes to health impairments, increased morbidity, and overdose deaths among patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). This study evaluates the impact of inpatient detoxification, specialized opioid agonist therapy (OAT), and low-threshold municipality care on substance use over time. MethodsWe used data from a cohort of SUD patients in Norway through health assessments of self-reported substance use and sociodemographic and clinical factors. A total of 881 substance use measurements, including type and amount of substances, were assessed from 708 SUD patients in 2016-2020. Substance use for individual and total substances was calculated, creating a substance use severity index (SUSI) ranging from zero (no use) to one (daily use). We defined baseline as the first substance use measurement when the measurements were listed chronologically. Time was defined as years from baseline. We used a linear mixed model to analyze associations between the SUSI and inpatient detoxification, specialized OAT compared with low-threshold municipality care, as well as the factors like injecting substance use, gender, and age, presented with coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsNeither inpatient detoxification (mean SUSI change: 0.01, -0.03;0.04) nor specialized OAT (0.03, -0.09;0.14) compared with low-threshold municipality care were associated with changes in substance use over time. Patients who were over 60 years of age (mean SUSI difference: -0.06, -0.13;0.00) had a lower SUSI than those under 30 years of age, while patients who injected substances had a higher SUSI than those who did not inject substances (0.18, 0.15;0.20) at baseline. The mean SUSI for the individual substances were 0.50 (standard deviation (SD): 0.38) for cannabis, 0.40 (0.37) for benzodiazepines, 0.33 (0.34) for amphetamines and cocaine, 0.31 (0.29) for alcohol, and 0.22 (0.31) for opioids at baseline. The mean SUSI of all substances was 0.35 (0.20). Conclusion The present study demonstrates that neither inpatient detoxification nor specialized OAT compared to low-threshold municipality care were associated with changes in substance use over time. Future research needs to evaluate the impact on substance use and healthy survival of multiple health care interventions to this patient group.

scholarly journals PSVIII-10 Effects of enzyme supplementation in corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) diets on growth performance in broilers: a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 211-211
Author(s):  
Jae-Cheol Jang ◽  
Zhikai Zeng ◽  
Pedro E Urriola ◽  
Gerald C Shurson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Exogenous Enzymes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize the growth responses of broilers fed cDDGS and the efficacy of various types of dietary enzyme supplementation. A total of 12 publications with 69 observations were included in the database. Individual observations were analyzed using a multivariable linear mixed model. The mean differences (MD) of BWG, FI, and gain efficiency (G/F) were calculated by subtracting either the enzyme response in corn-soybean meal (CSB) or CSB+cDDGS based diets to the control, and was expressed as a percentage (MD = (enzyme – control)/control ×100%). A type of exogenous enzymes (xylanase; protease; carbohydrases; cocktail = proteases + carbohydrases), and feeding phase (starter = d 0 to d 21; finisher = d 21 to d 42 or 49; overall = d 0 to d 42 or more) were included as fixed effects. Dietary enzyme inclusion showed significant improvement on BWG (3.19%, P &lt; 0.01) and G/F (5.69%, P &lt; 0.01) in broilers fed cDDGS diet. However, no significant enzyme responses were observed in broilers fed CSB diet on growth performance. Broilers fed cDDGS diet had increased (P &lt; 0.01) BWG with the addition of protease (3.32 %) and cocktail (3.27 %), whereas addition of xylanased improved (P &lt; 0.01) G/F by (3.56 %) and carbohydrases (1.90 %). Broilers fed cDDGS diet with enzyme supplementation showed greater improvement in BWG (3.71 %, P &lt; 0.01) and G/F (3.78 %, P &lt; 0.01) at finisher phase compared with starter phase. Likewise, Broilers fed CSB diet with enzyme supplementation increased BWG (9.40 %, P &lt; 0.01) and G/F (3.11 %, P &lt; 0.01) at finisher phase. In conclusion, supplementation of xylanase and carbohydrases in cDDGS diet improved G/F, and the enzyme response can be maximized when fed during the finisher phase diet compared with the starter phase diet.

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