Driving reaction time following periacetabular osteotomy

Introduction: Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is increasingly being used to treat young adults with symptomatic hip dysplasia. Currently there is a lack of evidence to guide return to driving after this procedure. This study aimed to identify the length of time required after a Periacetabular Osteotomy procedure before a patient can safely return to driving. Methods: All patients undergoing PAO were assessed for suitability for the study. Inclusion criteria were: currently driving with a valid licence; and being able to attend follow-up assessment. Baseline driving reaction time was assessed using a driving simulator preoperatively. The simulation was repeated 5 times for each patient and reaction times recorded (Thinking time, Action time and Total reaction time for braking at 30 mph). The driving simulation was repeated using the same methods at 6 weeks and 12 weeks postoperatively. Pre- and postoperative times were compared. Results: 26 patients were included (24 females, 2 males) with a mean age of 32 (range 19–50) years. The mean preoperative times were: Thinking time 0.48, Action time 0.21, Total time 0.69 seconds. At 6 weeks postoperatively, mean Action time increased to 0.26 seconds ( p = 0.012) and mean Total time increased to 0.78 seconds ( p = 0.013). By 12 weeks post procedure, there was no significant difference in reaction times compared to baseline (mean Thinking time 0.47 seconds, Action time 0.23, Total time 0.72; p > 0.05). Conclusions: Most patients may not be safe to drive at 6 weeks following PAO procedures but should be safe to drive at 12 weeks postoperatively. Individual patient factors should also be taken into consideration.

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Time Taken to Resume Driving Following Hip Arthroscopy Surgery

10.21203/rs.3.rs-42562/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Suenghwan Jo ◽

Sang Hong Lee ◽

Se Woong Jang ◽

Hyun Bai Choi ◽

Ba Rom Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hip Arthroscopy ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Driving Performance ◽

Control Group ◽

Test Protocol ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Time Required ◽

State 1 ◽

Normal Controls

Abstract Background: Resuming driving is a common concern among patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. The goals of the current study were 1) to assess whether patients who have undergone right hip arthroscopy have poorer driving performance than patients with normal hips and 2) to analyse the time required to regain preoperative driving performance with respect to different types of operations.Methods: Forty-seven patients who had undergone right hip arthroscopy and who consented to our test protocol were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the type of operation that they underwent, namely, the femoroacetabular impingement surgery (FAI) group and the simple hip arthroscopy (SA) group. Using an immersive driving simulator, the patients were tested for brake reaction time (BRT), total brake time (TBT), and brake pedal depression pressure (BPD). Following the surgery, the first assessments were conducted when the patient could comfortably sit on the driving seat, and follow-up assessments were conducted for 6 consecutive weeks at weekly intervals. For the control group, 20 healthy volunteers were put through driving assessments thrice at weekly intervals. Braking parameters were compared between preoperative and postoperative measurements and between studied and controlled subjects.Results: The preoperative braking parameters of the patients who underwent arthroscopy showed no significant difference compared with normal controls (p values 0. 373, 0.763, and 0.447 for BRT, TBT, and BPD, respectively). All braking parameters returned to normal in 2 weeks in the FAI group and in 1 week in the SA group.Conclusion: Our study indicates that the driving performance of the patients undergoing right hip arthroscopy have comparable driving performance as compare to the normal hips and that the braking reaction returns to the preoperative state 1 week after SA and 2 weeks after FAI surgery.

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Reactions under increased pressure: The reactivity of functionally substituted 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazones toward active methylene reagents in Q-tube

European Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.5155/eurjchem.12.2.154-158.2065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 154-158

Author(s):

Douaa Salman AlMarzouq

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

One Pot ◽

Two Component ◽

Percentage Yield ◽

Active Methylene ◽

Total Reaction Time ◽

Increased Pressure

A one-pot two-component reaction of 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazones with active methylene nitriles under high pressure in a Q-tube safe reactor was reported. Comparison between conventional and Q-tube safe reactor-assisted synthesis of organic compounds was done by comparing total reaction time and percentage yield. The results show that the compound 5-cyano-6-oxo-1,4-diphenyl-1,6-dihydro-pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (3) was synthesized within 2 h in a yield of 97%. In addition, the pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridines 5b and 5c were obtained in yields of 93 and 95% within 1 h reaction time, respectively. The obtained results suggest that Q-tube safe reactor-assisted syntheses were led to higher product yields within very short reaction times.

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Determination Of Reaction Time Changes Per Time Unit In Clot Assays

10.1055/s-0038-1653053 ◽

1981 ◽

Author(s):

Lj Popović

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Standard Sample ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Test Sample ◽

Total Reaction ◽

The Difference ◽

Time Changes ◽

Total Reaction Time

Changes in reaction time of clot assays are usually expressed only in time units, which fails to indicate the extent of the increase or decrease of the reaction time of the tested specimens against that of the basic sample. Reaction time increases of, e.g. , 6 seconds in tested samples, compared to basic sample reaction times of 12 and 24 seconds respectively, signify an increase twice as large in the first as in the second instance.Changes in reaction time of clot assays can be expressed as the increment or decrement of the reaction time per time unit. This amount of increase or decrease (positive or negative alteration of reaction time, T a ) can be expressed as the quotient of the difference between the reaction times of the tested (T x ) and basic (To) samples and of the basic sample, e.g. in seconds per second, T a =T x -To/To. A test sample reaction time 6 seconds longer than basic sample reaction times of 12 and 2k seconds would mean an increase of 0.5 and 0.25 seconds per second, respectively.Reaction time changes of tested samples against that of the standard sample (T std ) can be calculated in a similar way, T a =T x -T std /T std .It can be assumed that this parameter reflects the intensity of the increase or decrease of reaction time per time unit. The quotient of the tested and basic samples can be considered as the coefficient of the increase or decrease of the total reaction time (CT=T x /To).

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Smart Headgear for Assessment of Auditory Response Reaction Time of Professional and Amateur Kendokas

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2020049093 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 93

Author(s):

Kwangyul Jeong ◽

Adin Ming Tan ◽

Yehuda Weizman ◽

Franz Konstantin Fuss

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Pressure Sensor ◽

Average Reaction Time ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Auditory Response ◽

Time Required

In Kendo, the ability to execute a technique within the shortest time is essential for winning. The purpose of this study was to utilise an in-house developed automatic headgear-scoring sensor with a buzzer to determine the auditory response reaction time (ARRT) of professional (PK) and amateur (AK) Kendo practitioners. ARRT is defined as the time required for a participant to hit a target after a buzzer is sounded. A total of 14 participants took part in this study. The participants were requested to hit the opponent’s headgear target, which consisted of a pressure sensor, upon hearing the buzzer. The average reaction time of PK is 0.44 s, and for AK 0.58 s, with a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.0001). The in-house developed automatic headgear-scoring sensor with buzzer can be utilised to assist a Kendo practitioner in training to shorten the response reaction time to improve competition performance.

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Correction of mildly dysplastic hips with periacetabular osteotomy demonstrates promising outcomes, achievement of correction goals, and excellent five-year survivorship

The Bone & Joint Journal ◽

10.1302/0301-620x.101b6.bjj-2018-1487.r1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 101-B (6_Supple_B) ◽

pp. 16-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. T. Livermore ◽

L. A. Anderson ◽

M. B. Anderson ◽

J. A. Erickson ◽

C. L. Peters

Keyword(s):

Outcome Measures ◽

Periacetabular Osteotomy ◽

Severe Dysplasia ◽

Free Survival ◽

Mild Dysplasia ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Radiological Measurements ◽

The Mean

Aims The aim of this study was to compare patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), radiological measurements, and total hip arthroplasty (THA)-free survival in patients who underwent periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for mild, moderate, or severe developmental dysplasia of the hip. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective study involving 336 patients (420 hips) who underwent PAO by a single surgeon at an academic centre. After exclusions, 124 patients (149 hips) were included. The preoperative lateral centre-edge angle (LCEA) was used to classify the severity of dysplasia: 18° to 25° was considered mild (n = 20), 10° to 17° moderate (n = 66), and < 10° severe (n = 63). There was no difference in patient characteristics between the groups (all, p > 0.05). Pre- and postoperative radiological measurements were made. The National Institute of Health’s Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) outcome measures (physical function computerized adaptive test (PF CAT), Global Physical and Mental Health Scores) were collected. Failure was defined as conversion to THA or PF CAT scores < 40, and was assessed with Kaplan–Meier analysis. The mean follow-up was five years (2 to 10) ending in either failure or the latest contact with the patient. Results There was no significant difference in PROMs for moderate (p = 0.167) or severe (p = 0.708) groups compared with the mild dysplasia group. The numerical pain scores were between 2 and 3 units in all groups at the final follow-up (all, p > 0.05). There was no significant difference (all, p > 0.05) in the proportion of patients achieving target correction for the LCEA between groups. The mean correction was 12° in the mild, 15° in the moderate (p = 0.135), and 23° in the severe group (p < 0.001). Failure-free survival at five years was 100% for mild, 79% for moderate, and 92% for severely dysplastic hips (p = 0.225). Conclusion Although requiring less correction than hips with moderate or severe dysplasia, we found PAO for mild dysplasia to be associated with promising PROMs, consistent with that of the general United States population, and excellent survivorship at five years. Future studies should compare these results with the outcome after arthroscopy of the hip in patients with mild dysplasia. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(6 Supple B):16–22.

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Time taken to resume driving following hip arthroscopy

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-020-03662-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Suenghwan Jo ◽

Sang Hong Lee ◽

Se Woong Jang ◽

Hyun Bai Choi ◽

Ba Rom Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hip Arthroscopy ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Driving Performance ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Groups ◽

Test Protocol ◽

Surgery Group ◽

Time Required ◽

And Control

Abstract Background Resuming driving is a common concern among patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. The present study aimed to assess whether patients who had undergone right hip arthroscopy presented with poorer driving performance than patients with normal hips and to analyze the time required to regain preoperative driving performance. Methods Forty-seven patients who had undergone right hip arthroscopy and consented to our test protocol were included in this study. Using an immersive driving simulator, the patients were tested for their brake reaction time (BRT), total brake time (TBT), and brake pedal depression (BPD) preoperatively and postoperatively. The first postoperative assessments were conducted when the patients could comfortably sit on the driving seat, and the follow-up assessments were conducted for 6 consecutive weeks at weekly intervals. The patients were divided into the following two groups based on the type of surgery that they underwent: the femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) surgery group and the simple hip arthroscopy (SA) group. Twenty healthy volunteers underwent driving assessments thrice at weekly intervals and constituted the control group. The braking parameters were compared between preoperative and postoperative measurements and among the FAI surgery, SA, and control groups. Results The preoperative braking parameters of the patients who underwent arthroscopy did not differ significantly from those of the controls (p = 0.373, 0.763, and 0.447 for the BRT, TBT, and BPD, respectively). All braking parameters returned to normal in 2 weeks in the FAI surgery group and in 1 week in the SA group. Conclusions Our study suggests that the driving performance of patients who underwent right hip arthroscopy is comparable to that of individuals with normal hips and that the braking parameters may normalize to the preoperative state at 1 week after SA and 2 weeks after FAI surgery.

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Driver Take-Over Reaction in Autonomous Vehicles with Rotatable Seats

Safety ◽

10.3390/safety6030034 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Shi Cao ◽

Pinyan Tang ◽

Xu Sun

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Interior Design ◽

Situation Awareness ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Autonomous Driving ◽

Maximum Magnitude ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Driving Conditions

A new concept in the interior design of autonomous vehicles is rotatable or swivelling seats that allow people sitting in the front row to rotate their seats and face backwards. In the current study, we used a take-over request task conducted in a fixed-based driving simulator to compare two conditions, driver front-facing and rear-facing. Thirty-six adult drivers participated in the experiment using a within-subject design with take-over time budget varied. Take-over reaction time, remaining action time, crash, situation awareness and trust in automation were measured. Repeated measures ANOVA and Generalized Linear Mixed Model were conducted to analyze the results. The results showed that the rear-facing configuration led to longer take-over reaction time (on average 1.56 s longer than front-facing, p < 0.001), but it caused drivers to intervene faster after they turned back their seat in comparison to the traditional front-facing configuration. Situation awareness in both front-facing and rear-facing autonomous driving conditions were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the manual driving condition, but there was no significant difference between the two autonomous driving conditions (p = 1.000). There was no significant difference of automation trust between front-facing and rear-facing conditions (p = 0.166). The current study showed that in a fixed-based simulator representing a conditionally autonomous car, when using the rear-facing driver seat configuration (where participants rotated the seat by themselves), participants had longer take-over reaction time overall due to physical turning, but they intervened faster after they turned back their seat for take-over response in comparison to the traditional front-facing seat configuration. This behavioral change might be at the cost of reduced take-over response quality. Crash rate was not significantly different in the current laboratory study (overall the average rate of crash was 11%). A limitation of the current study is that the driving simulator does not support other measures of take-over request (TOR) quality such as minimal time to collision and maximum magnitude of acceleration. Based on the current study, future studies are needed to further examine the effect of rotatable seat configurations with more detailed analysis of both TOR speed and quality measures as well as in real world driving conditions for better understanding of their safety implications.

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Fractionated Reaction Times and Movement Times of Down Syndrome and Other Adults with Mental Retardation

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly ◽

10.1123/apaq.8.3.221 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 221-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Walter E. Davis ◽

William A. Sparrow ◽

Terry Ward

Keyword(s):

Down Syndrome ◽

Mental Retardation ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Time Delay ◽

Movement Time ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Elbow Extension ◽

Total Reaction ◽

Time Motor ◽

Total Reaction Time

A fractionation technique was employed to determine the locus of reaction time delay in Down syndrome (DS) and other adult subjects with mental retardation (MH). Twenty-three subjects (8 nondisabled, 8 MH, and 7 DS) responded to a light, sound, and combination light/sound signal. Dependent measures of premotor time, motor time, total reaction time, and movement time were obtained during a 20° elbow extension movement and were analyzed separately. As expected, both MH and DS subjects were slower and more variable in their responses than the subjects without disabilities. In turn, DS subjects were significantly slower but not more variable than the MH subjects. There were no significant differences between the DS and MH subjects on movement times. Evidence for both a specific (premotor) and a generalized (both premotor and motor) locus of delay was found. Some difference in signal effect was also found for the DS subjects.

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Effects of Oxypertine and Chlordiazepoxide on Human Motor Co-Ordination

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/030006057400200301 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 177-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P A Berry ◽

D J Grubb

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Placebo Response ◽

Healthy Male ◽

Healthy Male Volunteers ◽

Pursuit Rotor ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Human Motor ◽

Significant Motor

The performance of six normal healthy male volunteers in three simple co-ordination tests has been used to assess the effects of three doses of oxypertine and one dose of chlordiazepoxide. In the first part of the study, single doses of oxpyertine ( 10 and 20 mg) and chlordiazepoxide 10 mg were compared, in the second part of the study, two doses of oxypertine 5 and 10 mg given four hours apart were compared. The tests employed were—braking reaction time in a motor car simulator, spatial co-ordination and pursuit rotor performance. In the first part of the study, oxypertine ( 10 and 20 mg) produced initial improvements in performance in the braking test, followed by deterioration. Performance four hours after 10 mg of oxypertine was normal when compared with the placebo response. Chlordiazepoxide 10 mg produced a deterioration in performance. Statistical analysis of the braking reaction times revealed large subject to subject variations, and in only one case was a statistically significant difference between treatments demonstrated. The second part of the study failed to confirm the improvements in performance noted in the earlier study. No statistically significant changes in performance were detected following the first capsules of oxypertine ( 5 or 10 mg). Three and four hours after consuming the second 5 or 10 mg capsule, significant changes in braking performances were recorded at the 1% and 5% levels of significance respectively. Performance in the pursuit rotor test was enhanced following the ingestion of 5 mg of oxypertine, but was depressed after 10 mg of the drug, these observations were not statistically significant. Dose related drowsiness was detected following dosage with oxypertine and although less obvious outwardly in later studies, it was still apparent in the performance scores of the subjects, particularly those who had consumed the higher ( 20 mg) dose of oxypertine. The braking reaction time experiments suggest that dosage with oxypertine at a frequency of 10 mg every four hours or less, may result in an accumulation of drug and lead to significant motor inco-ordination. It seems unlikely that prolonged dosage with the 5 mg dose of oxypertine will lead to accumulation of the drug.

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Effect of Handedness and Footedness on Some Motoric Characteristics in Amateur Soccer Players

Journal of Education and Training Studies ◽

10.11114/jets.v7i12.4461 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Deniz Özge Yüceloğlu Keskin ◽

Osman İmamoğlu ◽

Menderes Kabadayı

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Hand Preference ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Time Asymmetry ◽

Left Hand ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Right ◽

Hands And Feet

The present study aims to compare the strength of right and left legs and reaction times of soccer players depending on their hand and foot preferences. The study included 92 volunteers chosen from amateur soccer players. The measurements conducted on the subjects were anthropometric characteristics, foot reaction times (sound, light) and right and left foot squat parameters. The t-test was used for statistical procedures. Among the amateur soccer players who participated in this study, it was found that 19.57% used left hand and 67.39% used right hand as preferred. Soccer players using both hands equally were found with a rate of 13.4%. In terms of foot preference, it was found that 22.83% of the participants used left foot and 43.48% of the participants used right foot as preferred. The soccer players using both feet equally was found as 33.70%. No significant difference was found between right handers and left handers in reaction time measurements when the soccer players were grouped by hand preference. When compared with left footed players (0.29 sec), only the right foot sound reaction time of right footed players was significantly shorter (0.21 sec) at p<. 05 level. Statistically significant correlation was found between soccer players’ hand and foot preference at a level of p< 0.01. Left footed players had significantly higher left leg mean squat (37.19 kg) when compared with right footed players (32.27 kg). No significant difference was found between right footed (35.36 kg) and left footed (33.98) subjects in terms of mean of right leg squat. Conclusion: According to the hand preference, the proportion of those who use equally two feet increased. Reaction times and force's squat of the dominant hands and feet were better. Training programs for soccer players planned according to individual characteristics including footedness may result in performance increase and decrease in injury as a result of reduced strength and reaction time asymmetry between legs and arms.

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