Defining difficult intravenous access (DIVA): A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 112972982110596
Author(s):  
Amit Bahl ◽  
Steven Johnson ◽  
Kimberly Alsbrooks ◽  
Alicia Mares ◽  
Smeet Gala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
English Language ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Intravenous Access ◽  
Clinical Trial Registries ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Peripheral Intravenous Catheter ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Background: The term “difficult intravenous access” (DIVA) is commonly used but not clearly defined. Repeated attempts at peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion can be a traumatic experience for patients, leading to sub-optimal clinical and economic outcomes. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to collate literature definitions of DIVA, with the aim of arriving at an evidence-driven definition. Methods: The SLR was designed to identify clinical, cost, and quality of life publications in patients requiring the insertion of a PIVC in any setting, including studies on US-guidance and/or guidewire, and studies with no specific intervention. The search was restricted to English language studies published between 1st January 2010 and 30th July 2020, and the Ovid platform was used to search several electronic databases, in addition to hand searching of clinical trial registries. Results: About 121 studies were included in the SLR, of which 64 reported on the objectives relevant to this manuscript. Prevalence estimates varied widely from 6% to 87.7% across 19 publications, reflecting differences in definitions used. Of 43 publications which provided a definition of DIVA, six key themes emerged. Of these, themes 1–3 (failed attempts at PIV access using traditional technique; based on physical examination findings for example no visible or palpable veins; and personal history of DIVA) were covered by all but one publication. Following a failed insertion attempt, the most common number of subsequent attempts was 3, and it was frequently reported that a more experienced clinician would attempt to gain access after multiple failed attempts. Conclusions: Considering the themes identified, an evidence-driven definition of DIVA is proposed: “when a clinician has two or more failed attempts at PIV access using traditional techniques, physical examination findings are suggestive of DIVA (e.g. no visible or palpable veins) or the patient has a stated or documented history of DIVA.”

Cookbooks and Caribbean cultural identity : an English-language hors d'oeuvre

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.W. Higman
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
English Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Definition Of

Analysis of 119 English-language cookbooks (1890-1997) published in or having to do with the Caribbean. This study of the history of cookbooks indicates what it means to be Caribbean or to identify with some smaller territory or grouping and how this meaning has changed in response to social and political developments. Concludes that cookbook-writers have not been successful in creating a single account of the Caribbean past or a single, unitary definition of Caribbean cuisine or culture.

Alexander von Middendorff and his expedition to Siberia (1842–1845)

Polar Record ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erki Tammiksaar ◽  
Ian R. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
English Language ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTAlexander Theodor von Middendorff's name is closely associated with the exploration of Siberia and research on the natural history of the Russian Arctic. Yet it is surprising that, in the extensive literature in Russian and German on the environment of those regions, there are no specific analyses of Middendorff's important contribution to these areas of research. He is barely mentioned in English language studies on the history of exploration and science in Siberia and there are very few accounts of his life and work. The present paper is largely based on a number of newly discovered archival documents and contemporary literary sources and is an attempt to fill this lacuna. In this account, all dates are given according to the new style calendar.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Associated Factors of Sexual Victimization: Findings from a National Representative Sample of Belgian Adults Aged 16–69

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7360
Author(s):  
Evelyn Schapansky ◽  
Joke Depraetere ◽  
Ines Keygnaert ◽  
Christophe Vandeviver
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
International Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
National Representative Sample

Sexual victimization is a major public health, judicial, and societal concern worldwide. Nationally representative and comparable studies are still lacking. We applied a broad definition of sexual violence, including hands-off and hands-on victimization, and behaviorally specific questions to assess sexual victimization. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates were obtained that are representative of the Belgian general population aged 16 to 69 with regard to sex and age. These estimates indicate that 64% experienced some form of sexual victimization in their lives, and 44% experienced some form of sexual victimization in the past 12 months. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations for sex, age, sexual orientation, the number of sexual partners, and the financial situation with sexual victimization. Furthermore, our data show that mental health is significantly worse in persons with a history of prior sexual victimization. Prevalence estimates for all forms of sexual victimization are presented and compared to other national and international studies on sexual victimization. This comparison suggests that prevalence rates may have been underestimated in extant research. The prevalence estimates obtained in this study demonstrate that all sexes and ages are affected by sexual victimization.

Colonialism and the ‘Korea Problem’ in the Historiography of Modern Japan: A Review Article

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
English Language ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Japan

By the time emperor meiji died in 1912, mourned as the first “modern” emperor, Japan had already acquired a sizeable colonial realm. Two years earlier, Japanese newspapers and magazines had celebrated the annexation of Korea, congratulating themselves on living in an empire that was now 15 million people more populous and almost a third larger than it had been prior to annexation. For journalists and politicians at the time, the phrase “Chōsen mondai” (the Chōsen question) served as a euphemism for the panoply of issues relating to Japanese interests in the Korean peninsula. Yet despite this contemporary recognition of the significance of empire, English-language studies of Japan have been slow to interweave the colonial experience into the history of modern Japan. Today, for modern historians, the question of how, or even whether, to incorporate these events into the history of Japan is itself a quandary—what might be termed the “Korea problem” in modern Japanese historiography.

scholarly journals COVID-19 AS MEME GENERATOR: PANDEMIC NEWSPEAK INFLUENCING MEME CREATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 288-297
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Chernikova
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
European American ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

The article is focused on meme-generating trends related to the COVID-19 pandemic, continuing a string of papers published on the issue of meme definition, classification and analysis. Based on modern European, American and Ukrainian research, this study is aimed at describing, analyzing and illustrating the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and its ‘newspeak’ on memes generated in 2020-2021 by the general public. Memes are a prominent part of communication and are defined as the main unit of cultural transgression or succession. Despite the definition of meme being vague and non-consistent in various language studies, the idea of its semantic ‘capacity’ remains the same. The article redefines the notion of ‘meme generator’ suggested in previous papers and analyzes the fundamental works of scholars pertaining to modern memes. The author suggests a timescale of the COVID-19 pandemic in memes and illustrates the changing public morale and attitude of society to the unprecedented situation. Several examples of memes have been given to showcase their cultural specifics. The results have shown that the current COVID-19 pandemic has made a profound impact on meme generation during 2020-2021, as well as analyzed the change of public opinion during this period through memes. This study offers multiple prospects, such as further research on the influence of current events on meme generation, cognitive studies of notions having appeared with the ‘new normal’ and their influence on English language memes generated on the daily basis, and gives prospects for a further study focused on memes, their history, variety and function in modern culture.

Vocabulary size research at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Nation ◽  
Averil Coxhead
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
English Language ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Language Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Language Institute

The English Language Institute (now the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies) at Victoria University of Wellington has a long history of corpus-based vocabulary research, especially after the arrival of the second director of the institute, H. V. George, and the appointment of Helen Barnard, whom George knew in India. George's successor, Graeme Kennedy, also saw corpus linguistics as a very fruitful and important area of applied language research.

scholarly journals Fintech as a Source of Financial Innovations on the Polish Financial Services Market

2019 ◽  
Vol 19(34) (1) ◽  
pp. 162-171
Author(s):  
Karolina Anielak
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
English Language ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Financial Innovations ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Cause And Effect Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

The paper presents the definition of innovation, advancement and development of the Fintech sector on the global scale, with particular emphasis put on Poland. Fintechs, i.e. IT companies that provide increasingly more modern solutions for customers active on the financial markets are not fully described in the literature on the subject. The aim of the paper was to present a comprehensive definition of Fintech, show the scale of this type of ventures around the world and in Poland, and analyze the forms and potential of the cooperation of Fintech companies with financial services entities, in particular with the banks. The article uses a critical analysis of the literature of mainly English-language studies from the last 5 years, indicating the state of financial innovations and their importance on the global scale. The author analyzed statistical data from PWC Global Fintech Report, CitiGPS reports, Capgemini reports and KPMG, which enabled her to present the value of global investments in Fintech. The performed cause and effect analysis indicates that investments in the Fintech sector are becoming more and more popular, that this market will be growing due to cooperation, among others, with the banks which want to meet the requirements of their customers using more advanced technologies.

scholarly journals Conversion in the English Language

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Nadezda N. Makhrova ◽  
◽  
Anna V. Uryadova
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

This paper studies English words and phrases formed by means of conversion. The authors provide a definition of the term and dwell on the history of this phenomenon in the English language. Types of conversion (full and partial, classical and non-classical) and its directions (verbification, nominalization, and adjectivization) are considered. The authors focus on such interesting phenomena as ellipsis, abbreviation and others. Typical stems (simple and complex – affixal and portmanteau) are analysed, as well as two types of acronyms (using individual initial letters and syllables) that are utilized in word formation by means of conversion. Further, difficulties translating sentences with words formed through conversion are pointed out. Two main criteria for determining the direction of conversion are named: 1) the meaning of the source stem is wider than that of the derived word; 2) the source member of the pair has a more extensive derivational family. The authors introduce their own examples based on the information from Russian-English, English-Russian and English-English dictionaries to demonstrate the use of conversion in various spheres (scientific and technical, journalistic, nonfiction, and literary texts). As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that conversion, being an advanced way of word formation in English, helps to significantly expand the vocabulary and achieve the most adequate translation of different parts of speech in a certain context. This article can be of use to scholars dealing with translation problems, practicing translators and university teachers of English.

From AAC to Zulu

English Today ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
Jonathan Marks
Keyword(s):  
Media Studies ◽  
North Sea ◽  
English Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Meteorological Phenomenon

Affix hopping: a new Olympic discipline or innovative brewing technique? Anglo Frisian brightening: a meteorological phenomenon occurring over the North Sea? Cranberry morph: a result of genetically-modified gardening? Well, no, as it turns out. This Dictionary ‘provides concise and clear definitions of all the terms any undergraduate or graduate student is likely to encounter in the study of linguistics and English language or in other degrees involving linguistics, such as modern languages, media studies and translation.’ It has approximately 3000 entries. In some cases, there is more than one definition of a term, e.g. three for ‘declarative’, five for ‘domain’ and three for ‘ergative’ (one of these ‘condemned by some linguists’). Many entries include examples from English and other languages; among the other languages, Russian (transliterated) and Turkish are particularly well represented - some might say over-represented. As well as terminology entries, there are entries for 246 languages, and for key figures in the history of linguistics such as Jespersen, Labov, Sapir etc.

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