The personalization model revisited: An experimental investigation of the role of five personalization-based strategies on prejudice reduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurcan Ensari ◽  
Julie Christian ◽  
Dawn Matsui Kuriyama ◽  
Norman Miller
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Prejudice Reduction ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Group Memory ◽  
Affective Component ◽  
Group Members

In this paper, we report findings from a series of experimental studies investigating the role of five personalization-based strategies (individuation, self-disclosure, decategorization, self–other comparison, and empathy) on prejudice reduction. As anticipated, participants who were in the self-disclosure or individuation conditions developed more favorable attitudes towards other out-group members (Study 1). In Study 2, decategorization or self–other comparison allowed group members to discover similarities between the self and members of the out-group, thereby reducing negative out-group memory. Interestingly, when we explored the processes underlying the generalization of prejudice reduction to the out-group (Study 3), we found that the affective component of personalization (i.e., empathy) emerged as a more robust predictor of prejudice reduction than self–other comparison and decategorization. In conclusion, these studies provide the first empirical evidence of the effects of the five components of personalization in reducing prejudice across different contexts and different experimental paradigms.

Field Dependence and Self-Disclosure

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin F. Sousa-Poza ◽  
Robert Rohrberg ◽  
Ernest Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
The Social ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Personality Theories

Some characteristics of the social behavior of field-dependents as well as their superior recognition of ambiguous social stimuli led to the hypothesis that they would show greater self-disclosure than field-independents. This hypothesis was tested by administering the 60-item Jourard Self-disclosure Questionnaire (JSDQ) to 13 field-dependent and 13 field-independent Ss. In terms of total self-disclosure scores, field-dependents showed significantly (.025) higher levels than field-independents. Results are discussed in light of personality theories which emphasize the role of self-conceptual transactions in the development of the self.

scholarly journals Destruction of the Psyche and its Leveling in the Deep Cognition

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
The Self ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
The Family ◽  
Psychodynamic Understanding

Depth cognition of the psyche, performed while practicing psychodynamic understanding of the phenomenon of the psychic, can objectify a person’s psyche destructions, caused by the dysfunctional relations in the family within the triangle: “father – child – mother”. The abstract of the psychoanalysis presented in this article proves not only the role of the Oedipal dependences, which induce centrifugal force around the vicious circle, but also objectify the destructive consequences, which are expressed in a person’s mental retardation, causing the balance violations between “the Libido” and “the Mortido” energies. The article objectifies the basic conflict “life-death” as well as the risks of its balance violation, which contributes to the development of the tendencies to importing the psyche and weakening the self-preservation instinct. The empirical evidence, presented in the article, verbally and vividly proves the interrelation of the depth aspects in their impact on the behavioral ones, which cause the psyche destructions, which need correction in the groups of ASPC.

Self-concept clarity as a predictor of self-disclosure in romantic relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1873-1891
Author(s):  
Maryam Tajmirriyahi ◽  
William Ickes
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Multiple Regression Models

Several studies have examined the role of self-esteem in self-disclosure while overlooking a potentially important confounding variable: self-concept clarity. Across three studies, we found an association between self-concept clarity and self-disclosure to one’s romantic partner. This incremental effect held even when the variance attributable to self-esteem was statistically controlled in a multiple regression analysis. Moreover, in two of the three studies, self-esteem was no longer a significant predictor of self-disclosure after controlling for the variance in self-concept clarity. These data suggest that self-concept clarity is an important predictor of self-disclosure—one that is conceptually and empirically distinct from self-esteem. That self-concept clarity tended to supplant self-esteem in the multiple regression models suggests that disclosing the specific aspects of the self that one clearly perceives (one’s attributes, goals, motives, values, etc.) might be more essential to everyday self-disclosure than disclosing only whether one has a globally positive or negative self-view. Future research should explore the causal relationships involved with the aid of experimental studies.

When extended contact opens the door to future contact

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Gómez ◽  
Linda R. Tropp ◽  
Saulo Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Minority Group ◽  
The Self ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Intergroup Anxiety ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Extended Contact ◽  
Group Members

The present research tests whether extended contact can predict positive intergroup expectancies, as well as positive intergroup attitudes, among majority and minority group members. Our results replicate and extend prior work by showing that extended contact predicts both positive intergroup attitudes and intergroup expectancies among both majority (Spanish) and minority (immigrant) participants, even when controlling for direct friendship and the quantity and quality of prior intergroup contact. These effects are partially mediated by intergroup anxiety, perceived ingroup norms, and perceived outgroup norms, and the positive effects of extended contact on intergroup attitudes were also partially mediated by the inclusion of ingroup in the self. Additionally, the mediating role of outgroup norms was stronger among immigrant participants than among Spanish participants. Implications of these findings and the value of extended contact for promoting positive intergroup expectancies and preparing people for future contact are discussed.

Coffee with co-workers: role of caffeine on evaluations of the self and others in group settings

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 943-948
Author(s):  
Vasu Unnava ◽  
Amit Surendra Singh ◽  
H Rao Unnava
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Group Activity ◽  
The Self ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Group Settings ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Caffeinated Coffee

This research explores the effect of consuming a moderate amount of commercially available caffeinated coffee on an individual’s self-evaluated participation in a group activity and subsequent evaluations of the experience. Across two studies, results show that consuming a moderate amount of caffeinated coffee prior to indulging in a group activity enhances an individual’s task-relevant participation in the group activity. In addition, subjective evaluations of the participation of other group members and oneself are also positively influenced. Finally, the positive impact of consuming a moderate amount of caffeinated coffee on the evaluation of participation of other group members and oneself is moderated by a sense of an increased level of alertness.

scholarly journals Peer responses to self-disclosures in group counseling

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aija Logren ◽  
Johanna Ruusuvuori ◽  
Jaana Laitinen
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Group Counseling ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
The Self ◽  
Individual Experience ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Health Counseling ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Peer Responses

Abstract Drawing on conversation analysis, this study examines how peers respond to each other’s self-disclosures in group counseling interaction. Responses that display sharing and recognition of the experience normalize the experience and build an alliance among group members. This way, responses bring about social support. In addition, responses can offer a different perspective on the views presented in self-disclosures. The responses endorse or challenge the claims that are made and the stance taken in the initial self-disclosure, and link the personal, individual experience to general axioms. The implicit ways of responding to a self-disclosure allow a person to participate in a conversation about intimate and potentially delicate topics without revealing private details. Through self-disclosures and responses to them, participants talk into being the ideals of health counseling and healthy lifestyle: What kind of activities are considered eligible and attainable. The relation of these practices to the institutional goal is intricate. It builds on, first, the stance taken in the self-disclosure toward the institutional goal and the sociocultural values pertaining to it, and second, the responses’ alignment with that stance and what kind of values and ideals it further evokes.

Exploring the Self-Disclosure Process in Peer Mentoring Relationships for Transition-Age Youth With Developmental Disabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathryn T. Ryan ◽  
Jessica M. Kramer ◽  
Ellen S. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Peer Mentoring ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mentoring Relationships ◽  
Peer Mentors ◽  
Transition Age Youth ◽  
Peer Mentor ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Transition Age

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the self-disclosure process in regard to connection development and relationship quality in peer mentoring relationships between transition-age youth (ages 15–20) and young adults (ages 18–36) with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. Self-disclosure is defined as “the disclosure of inner feelings and experiences to another person” that “fosters liking, caring, and trust, thereby facilitating the deepening of close relationships” (Reis & Shaver, 1988, p. 372). Nine peer mentoring dyads with varied interpersonal connections were purposefully selected from a larger intervention study. Recorded mentoring conversations were analyzed for self-disclosure content and peer mentor response. The findings demonstrated trends related to connection development and differences across degree of connection. In relationships with stronger connections, there was a higher quantity of self-disclosure and more frequent disclosure of emotions, and peer mentors responded more frequently with advice and reciprocated self-disclosure. Implications of findings for promoting higher-quality peer mentoring relationships are discussed.

Aplikasi Art Therapy sebagai Instrumen dalam Konseling Kelompok

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
lira erwinda ◽  
Ifdil Ifdil ◽  
Elfi Churnia
Keyword(s):  
Art Therapy ◽  
Group Counseling ◽  
The Self ◽  
Media Art ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Group Members

The implementation of group counseling will be optimal with the self-disclosure and willingness of group members to verbally dispute their personal problems. the phenomenon encountered in the implementation of group counseling, not all members of the group voluntarily convey their personal problems to be discussed. This has the potential to hinder the achievement of group counseling goals. Efforts to assist members in group counseling to have self-disclosure may use art therapy as an instrument. Art therapy is one treatment with the use of art materials / media art for self-expression and reflection for the counselee in the presence of a therapist / counselor. Art Therapy is believed to provide comfort to the counselee, because the counselee can express thoughts and feelings that can not be delivered through words freely. So it is possible to discuss and solve the problems of group members as a whole

scholarly journals The Modulating Role of Self-Referential Stimuli and Processes in the Effect of Stress and Negative Emotion on Inhibition Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: Proposition of a Model to Integrate the Self-Concept and Inhibition Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Gagnon ◽  
Joséphine Aldebert ◽  
Gasser Saleh ◽  
Wan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Inhibition Performance

Impulsivity is an important clinical and diagnostic feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Even though it has been reported that BPD individuals’ inhibition performance is significantly reduced in the context of negative emotion or stress, this literature shows mixed results, raising questions about the possible role played by other factors. Winter (2016) proposed that negative emotion stimuli can be more disruptive for BPD individuals’ attention control performance because they induce higher distractibility self-referential processes. This article aimed to systematically review the literature regarding the effect of stress and negative emotions on three main inhibition processes—prepotent response inhibition, resistance to distractor interference, and resistance to proactive interference—in BPD and to verify the putative modulating role of self-referential stimuli and processes on these inhibition processes. All English and French experimental studies published until August 2018 were searched in PsychINFO and PubMED databases. The following keywords were used: “borderline* AND inhibit* OR interference* OR forget* OR task* AND emotion* OR stress* OR affect*”. A total of 1215 articles were included in the study. After full text revision, twenty-six papers were selected for review. The results of this review indicate that when stimuli or procedures involve self-reference stimuli or processes, BPD individuals’ performance seems to be more disrupted in all three inhibition processes. A model based on Winter’s and Kernberg’s models is proposed with the aim of integrating the self-concept with inhibition processes in BPD.

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

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