scholarly journals Effects of neighbourhood religious diversity and religious and national identity on neighbourhood trust

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022199009
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Bennett ◽  
Meenakshi Parameshwaran ◽  
Katharina Schmid ◽  
Miguel Ramos ◽  
Miles Hewstone
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Statistical Estimates ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
Multiple Groups ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between religious diversity, religious and national identity, and neighbourhood trust. Using data from 6,089 individuals in England matched to census-based statistical estimates for 300 local areas, we find that religious diversity is negatively associated with neighbourhood trust. Further analyses tested indirect relationships between religious diversity and neighbourhood trust to examine whether higher levels of religious diversity are associated with a stronger sense of religious identity, and whether a stronger sense of religious identity is associated with lower levels of neighbourhood trust. We simultaneously tested whether higher levels of religious diversity are associated with a weaker sense of national identity, and whether a weaker sense of national identity is associated with lower neighbourhood trust. Multigroup analyses were conducted to assess patterns across religious groups. Results indicate that, for Christians, religious diversity is associated with a stronger subordinate religious identification, which is in turn associated with lower neighbourhood trust. There were no associations between religious diversity, national identification, and neighbourhood trust. For the other religious groups, no significant associations were found between our variables of interest. We discuss the relevance and implication of increasing religious diversity in societies for the multiple groups involved.

scholarly journals The Role of Religious Fundamentalism in the Intersection of National and Religious Identities

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susilo Wibisono ◽  
Winnifred Louis ◽  
Jolanda Jetten
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Religious Fundamentalism ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
National Identification ◽  
The Way

Indonesia has seen recent expansions of fundamentalist movements mobilising members in support a change to the current constitution. Against this background, two studies were conducted. In Study 1, we explored the intersection of religious and national identity among Indonesian Muslims quantitatively, and in Study 2, we qualitatively examined religious and national identification among members of moderate and fundamentalist religious organisations. Specifically, Study 1 (N= 178) assessed whether the association of religious and national identity was moderated by religious fundamentalism. Results showed that strength of religious identification was positively associated with strength of national identification for both those high and low in fundamentalism. Using structured interviews and focus group discussions, Study 2 (N =35) examined the way that self-alignment with religious and national groups develops among activists of religious movements in Indonesia. We found that while more fundamentalist activists attached greater importance to their religious identity than to any other identity (e.g., national and ethnic), more moderate activists represented their religious and national identities as more integrated and compatible. We conclude that for Indonesian Muslims higher in religious fundamentalism, religious and national identities appear to be less integrated and this is consequential for the way in which collective agendas are pursued.

scholarly journals RELIGIOUS IDENTITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ETHNO-NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Viacheslav Каlаch
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
National Development ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Religious Identification

The article discusses the peculiarities of the formation of religious identity in the dynamics of geopolitical processes in Ukraine, which depend on historical conditions, features of the economic and socio-political structure, democratic and cultural traditions of society, the level of legal and moral development of its members and the ambitions of its leaders. It is proved that religion is a decisive factor in the ethnic life of Ukrainians, and the controversial role of Christianity in ethno-identification and ethno-consolidation processes is noted. The modern world-wide political, economic and spiritual crisis imposes its imprint on Ukraine as well. As one of the transitional countries of the post-socialist space, our state has not yet found a single-minded vector of its own development, in particular, the ecclesiastical. Ukraine is only on the verge of forming a united national idea and crystallizing its own self-identification on the religious marker. Religion is the basic semantic-forming component of a unified national identity. Today, religious and ethnic identities are closely intertwined. Therefore, the problem of the ethnorelain factor always attracts significant attention of leading scholars, statesmen and church hierarchs. In Ukraine, a significant number of religious groups completely coincide with the boundaries of a separate ethnic group. The lack of civic consensus on the country's foreign policy, cultural identity, separate sovereign positions of the Ukrainian state, the diverse views of the past and the future at the present makes it impossible to formulate unanimous interests, which negatively affects external and internal policies. Compared with the Soviet period, religious identity today is a relatively new category. On opposition to the state-civilian benchmark for many Ukrainians, religion is on the forefront. Undeniably, Orthodoxy played a very important role in the formation of the Ukrainian nation and our religious identity. However, today, multiconfessional diversity and inability or reluctance to negotiate, to be tolerant, break Ukraine into several regions. The negative tendency of loss of awareness of Ukrainians of the unity of religion, nation, common spirit is traced. The formation of religious identity is a long process of formation of society as a whole, and is a consequence of the historical formation of Ukraine as a nation. Religious identification is the reproduction of accumulated social and religious experience in all spheres. World and domestic scholars are unequivocal in the conclusions that the central place in the formation of national identity belongs to religiousness. Religious beliefs that have an indelible imprint of an ethnic group living on a particular territory are precisely the center of the formation of a new national-religious identity of Ukrainian society.

Time and money volunteering among older adults: the relationship between past and current volunteering and correlates of change and stability

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAMKEE G. CHOI ◽  
RITA JING-ANN CHOU
Keyword(s):  
Social Connectedness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Older Volunteers ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Social Network Size ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Demographic Attributes ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTUsing data from the first and second waves of the Survey of Midlife Development in the United States – MIDUS1 1995–1996 and MIDUS2 2004–2006, this paper examines the relationship between the extent of time and money volunteering among people aged 55 or more years at baseline and those of the same age nine years later. Following an analysis of the changes and stability in volunteering status, the paper examines the relationships between change or stability in volunteering and various socio-demographic attributes of the respondents and measures of their human capital, cultural capital and social capital. A majority of older volunteers of time and/or money were repeat volunteers, and the extent of volunteering at the start of the studied period was one of the most significant predictors of the extent of volunteering nine years later. The level of education was a consistent predictor of the extent of both time and money volunteering and of new engagement and stability in volunteering. Social network size, or social connectedness, represented by the number of various meetings attended, was a significant predictor not only of the hours of time volunteering, but also of new engagement and stability in both time and money volunteering. A high degree of religious identification also appeared to be a motivation for money volunteering and to affect the value of donations. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for the recruitment and retention of volunteers.

scholarly journals Lebanon and Iraq: Two Distinct Demonstrations of Confessionalism’s Failure as a Means to Manage Ethnic and Religious Pluralism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour Mohsen
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Institutional Power

The Iraqi and Lebanese political systems stemmed from each country’s distinctive mosaic of sub-national identities but have been deemed corrupt and incompetent, prompting ongoing protests and calls for unity in both contexts. However, this dissatisfaction is unsurprising given the challenging task of translating the ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity that characterizes each population into an overarching national identity. The Lebanese and Iraqi political systems have attempted to manage ethnic and religious pluralism through confessionalism, or a “consociational government which distributes political and institutional power proportionally among religious sub-communities.” This paper argues that Lebanon and Iraq are two specific examples of confessionalism, demonstrating its failure to manage ethnic and religious pluralism, which seems to inevitably beget sectarianism—a discriminatory structure in which each group advances its privileges at the expense of others. Nevertheless, confessional systems are challenging to transform, namely because they institutionalize different ethnic or religious groups’ identities instead of promoting a unified, national identity. 

scholarly journals RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION AND SOCIAL DISTANCE BETWEEN RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN YOGYAKARTA

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cahyo Pamungkas
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Communal Violence ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Religious Fundamentalist ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This paper explains how political, religious, and economic changes in Yogyakarta affect the formation of religious identity and social distance between different religious groups. The strengthening of religious identity in this area took place in the period of the Diponegoro War (1825-1830) when religious issues were used in the mobilization against the Dutch colonialist. Then, the spread of Christianity in Java at the end of 19th led to several tensions between missionaries and several Islamic organizations, but never developed into communal violence. In 1930s, the relation between religious groups remain harmonious due to the development of tolerant culture and pluralism. During the 1980s, the use of religious identity grew both in urban and rural areas in line with social processes of modernization. Da’wat activities on Campus (Lembaga Dakwah Kampus) plays important roles in promoting religious life in urban areas. The 1998 political reform marked the rise of religious fundamentalist movements that to a certain degree contributes to social distance between religious groups.

Reading The Time of Trimming under the Desk of Religious Zionism: Haim Beʾer and National-Religious Identity

Zutot ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Yael Shenker
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
National Identities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This article addresses Israeli novelist Haim Beʾer’s relation to national-religious identity and the rifts and the pain it causes him, as can be discerned from his fiction and journalism, and certainly from interviews with him. His relation to national-religious identity also reflects a sort of mirror image, at times inverted, of the relationship between religious and national identities. Beʾer’s movement between religious community and nation criticizes on the one hand prevalent conceptions of secularization and national identity in Zionist discourse, and, on the other hand, conceptions of redemption in religious discourse.

Defining Nation and Religious Minorities in Russia and Turkey: A Comparative Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laman Tasch
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Orthodox Christianity ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Sunni Islam

AbstractMany countries today face the challenges posed by their ethnic and religious diversity. This article comparatively analyzes how defining nation in Russia and Turkey affects what groups constitute religious minorities and what their prospects of integration into the Russian and Turkish societies are. It conceptualizes religious minorities as those religious groups that are excluded from the prevailing and institutionalized definitions of nation. This article studies what role religion, comprising Orthodox Christianity, and Sunni Islam, respectively, has played historically and until nowadays in Russia and Turkey in the definitions of their national identities and what kind of religious minorities each of these definitions created. It argues that a position of religious minorities depends not only on the informal association of national identity of the majority with certain religion, but also on the institutionalized support for the dominant religion by the ruling political forces.

scholarly journals Christians, Muslims and Traditional Worshippers in Nigeria: Estimating the Relative Proportions from Eleven Nationally Representative Social Surveys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
General Household Survey

Abstract Background The absence of census data on religious identification in Nigeria since 1963 leaves much uncertainty about the most basic religious composition of the country. It is generally accepted that identification with traditional worship declined over the middle of the twentieth century as identification with Islam and Christianity increased, leaving these the two dominant religious groups in the country. The current relative proportions of Christians and Muslims has often been the subject of conjecture, guesswork and assertion, as have trajectories of growth or decline. Purpose Where researchers have used sound data to address this question, they have often drawn on a single survey, or, if on multiple data sources, it is unclear how the different estimates the data provides are reconciled. This paper seeks to address these gaps to construct a better picture of the religious composition of Nigeria, and to consider the trajectory of change. Methods This study presents data from 11 nationally representative surveys of adults conducted between 1990 and 2018. Surveys include four waves of the World Values Survey, five waves of the Afrobarometer survey, The Pew Tolerance and Tension survey, and the Nigerian General Household Survey of 2010. Results The results show that identification with Christianity is likely to have been the majority among Nigerian adults through this period. Evidence suggests that identification with Christianity was still growing in the first half of the 1990s, to a high point of 69% of the adult population. This growth was associated with the tail of the decline of identification with traditional worship. Thereafter identification with Christianity has declined in proportional terms as identification with Islam has increased. Evidence is consistent with literature that suggests that this change is driven by differences in fertility, rather than by religious identity switching. Conclusion and Implications Trends presented suggest that the Muslim-identified population is likely on track to have become an absolute majority of Nigerian adults, possibly within a decade with widespread implications, including for electoral politics.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between (sub)national Identity, Citizenship Conceptions, and Perceived Ethnic Threat in Flanders and Wallonia for the Period 1995–2020: A Measurement Invariance Testing Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaak Billiet ◽  
Cecil Meeusen ◽  
Koen Abts
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Equivalence Testing ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
Invariance Testing ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the relationship between (sub)national identity and attitudes towards immigrants in the multinational context of Belgium. We extend our previous studies by analysing a longer time period (1995–2020) and by making a strong case for the idea that measurement invariance testing and theoretical meaningfulness are closely intertwined. To examine whether and how the relationship between (sub)national identity and perceived ethnic threat has changed over time and between regions, we first test for metric invariance of the latent concepts. Using data from the Belgian National Election Studies, we illustrate that evaluating invariance of measurements is a necessary condition for comparative research, but also that measurement equivalence testing should be considered as an empirical guide showing researchers where substantial conclusions should potentially be revisited and theoretical validity rethought. Next, we verify whether the relationship between (sub)national identity and perceptions of ethnic threat across subnational units can be attributed to different conceptions of community membership -in terms of ethnic and/or civic citizenship conceptions- in Flanders and Wallonia. While we expected that a strong identification with Flanders would primarily be related to an ethnic citizenship representation, and as a result, stronger feelings of threat towards immigrants; we expected that a strong identification with Wallonia would primarily be related to a civic representation of the nation and therefore lower feelings of threat. Thanks to our thorough invariance testing strategy, the conceptualisation and measurement of (sub)national identity had to be adjusted in Wallonia, and the hypotheses had to be qualified.

Pluralism that is Not an Ideology: The Phenomenology of Collectivistic Catholicisms in a Small Nation

2021 ◽  
pp. 000842982097922
Author(s):  
Slavica Jakelić
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Multiple Modernities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Religious Actors ◽  
Culturally Embedded

This article addresses the relationship between culturally embedded religious traditions, nationalism, and pluralism by looking at the phenomenology of collectivistic Catholicisms in post-communist Croatia, one of the smallest EU nations. The author argues that, although linked to Croatian national identity, collectivistic Catholicisms in this society do not only present obstacles to the society’s cultural, national, and religious diversity, but also contribute to its complex and embedded forms of, in William Connolly’s terms, “deep” pluralism. The author challenges the modernist readings of religion-nationalism connections as reducible to secularization and anti-pluralism, to uncover the ways in which small nations can develop political and cultural modernity while seeking to articulate and rearticulate their cultural identity. In so doing, the author affirms the insights of Shmuel N. Eisenstadt’s paradigm of “multiple modernities,” focusing especially on the spaces of agency (and responsibility) that religious actors have in their engagement and encounter with religious, cultural, and national pluralism.

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