scholarly journals Gender difference in sickness absence: Do managers evaluate men and women differently with regard to the appropriateness of sickness absence?

2019 ◽  
pp. 140349481989078
Author(s):  
Arne Mastekaasa ◽  
Harald Dale-Olsen ◽  
Tale Hellevik ◽  
Gøril K. Løset ◽  
Kjersti M. Østbakken
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Effective Sample Size ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
Managerial Employees

Aims: Women have much higher rates of sickness absence than men, but the causes of the difference are not well understood. This study examines whether managers have more lenient attitudes towards women’s than towards men’s absence, as this might contribute to higher rates of sickness absence among women. Differences between managers and other employees are also assessed. Methods: Vignettes were used to measure attitudes towards the legitimacy of sickness absence. The vignettes consisted of brief case descriptions of individuals considering asking their physicians for sick leave, with information about the medical condition (mainly taken from the descriptions in ICPC-2), occupation and gender. Respondents judged how appropriate sickness absence was in each case. Quota sampling was used, and the effective sample size was 899 managers and 1396 other employees, with each respondent evaluating either four or six vignettes. Generalised ordinal logistic regression was used. Results: The gender of the vignette person had no effect on the managers’ evaluations of the appropriateness of sickness absence. Irrespective of the gender of the vignette person, however, managers were generally more restrictive than non-managers. Conclusions: Different attitudes on the part of managers towards sickness absence in men and women do not seem to contribute to gender differences in sickness absence, but managers are generally more restrictive compared to non-managerial employees.

scholarly journals PERCEIVING UNIVERSITY EDUCATION AS MORE IMPORTANT FOR MEN THAN FOR WOMEN: GENDER DIFFERENCES AND PREDICTORS OF THIS PERCEPTION IN MUSLIM SOCIETIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Amali Aminnuddin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
University Education ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Women's Role ◽  
Difference Test ◽  
Being Religious

Education for women in Muslim societies had been discussed widely. However, it remains unclear if the perception of the importance of university education in Muslim societies and its predictors are different between men and women. Therefore, this research examined the following misogynistic perception among both genders: university education is more important for men than for women. This research aimed to determine gender differences and predictors of this perception. Sample populations were from Malaysia (N=820), Singapore (N=320), India (N=447), and Pakistan (N=1195). Mean difference test and binomial logistic regression analysis were conducted. The results revealed that more than half of the men agreed that they perceived university education as more important for men than for women. Over half of the women had the same perception. Some demographic variables were significant predictors of perceiving university education to be more important for men than for women, albeit inconsistent based on groups and countries. Some of the findings included being religious predicted less likelihood of misogynistic perception in countries such as Malaysia and Pakistan, but not in the others. Consistently, for both genders, perceptions concerning men’s superiority and women’s role being at home predicted the perception that university education was more important for men than for women. This suggests the intricate influence of the perception of ability and gender stereotype among Muslims when it concerns university education. Further studies are necessary to understand the rationale behind these predictors.

Predictors of Child Abuse Charges Within the Context of Domestic Violence Arrests

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (13) ◽  
pp. 1777-1803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Roark ◽  
Kelly E. Knight ◽  
Heather Olson ◽  
Heidi DeSandre
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Police Response ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Underdeveloped Area

This article investigates how different factors of a domestic violence incident impact the likelihood of a child abuse charge within the context of domestic violence arrests. Data from 5,148 domestic violence arrests were used to test whether domestic violence-, incident-, and child-based predictors increased the likelihood of a child abuse charge. Logistic regression models of gender-stratified samples were employed to test for gender differences among domestic violence arrestees. The results demonstrated predictors affected men’s odds of a child abuse charge when compared with women. For men and women, children witnessing the domestic violence incident had the largest impact on a child abuse charge. These results contribute to the underdeveloped area of police response to child abuse in domestic violence cases.

scholarly journals Protective versus risk factors for self-objectification in different age and gender cohorts

Psihologija ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Rollero ◽  
Silvia Gattino ◽  
Piccoli de ◽  
Angela Fedi
Keyword(s):  
Body Shame ◽  
Body Surveillance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Objectified Body Consciousness ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
Self Objectification ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Versus Risk

The harmful effects of objectification and self-objectification have been widely investigated, but few studies have examined factors that may predict self-objectification. This research intends to assess the protective versus risk role of sociodemographic and physical characteristics (age, BMI), psychosocial variables (self-esteem; self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism), and social factors (influence of family and friends; internalization of media standards) on self-objectification in men and women. The selfobjectification was assessed with two subscales of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Body Shame and Body Surveillance. Participants were 812 Italian adults of different age cohorts (age range 21?60 years; 50.7% females) recruited via a quota sampling method. Two regression models separately for males and females were performed. Results showed that mass media influence was the strongest predictor for body surveillance and body shame in both men and women, whereas gender-related patterns emerged for physical, psychological, and relational variables with age as moderator.

Successful Reintegration and Mental Health: An Examination of Gender Differences Among Reentering Offenders

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1121-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas W. Bakken ◽  
Christy A. Visher
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Former Prisoners ◽  
And Gender

Men and women exiting the correctional system represent a population at high risk for mental health problems, and the body of research on the mental health needs of former prisoners is growing. These mental health problems pose challenges for individuals at every stage of the criminal justice process, from arrest to incarceration to reentry and reintegration. This article examines the mental health status and gender differences among a sample of 352 men and women leaving confinement and the role that mental health problems played in shaping their reentry outcomes using data collected between 2002 and 2005. In the year after leaving prison, men and women with mental health problems reported worse health indicators and less satisfactory social factors, such as employment, housing, and family support. The article concludes with a discussion of recommendations for improved policy and practice for assisting former prisoners with mental health problems during reintegration.

The Role of Deceptive Communication and Gender in Shaping Online Dating Interactions

2019 ◽  
pp. 460-474
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Kuzio
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Deceptive Communication

Online dating is becoming an increasingly used method for meeting significant others. As the research of lying behavior has advanced so has the technique of detecting the act of lying, especially in the online environment where deception is more likely to happen. The aim of this chapter is to simplify the perception of lying behavior to the general population and examine gender differences of lying behavior, namely, to verify whether one can observe a statistically significant difference in the speech behavior and exploitation of lying cues among men and women. The study shows correlation between gender and deception in online environment.

scholarly journals Willing to share? Tax compliance and gender in Europe and America

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 205316801770715 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D’Attoma ◽  
Clara Volintiru ◽  
Sven Steinmo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Deceptive Behavior ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

Studies examining the effects of gender on honesty, deceptive behavior, pro-sociality, and risk aversion, often find significant differences between men and women. The present study contributes to the debate by exploiting one of the largest tax compliance experiments to date in a highly controlled environment conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Italy. Our expectation was that the differences between men’s and women’s behavior would correlate broadly with the degree of gender equality in each country. Where social, political and cultural gender equality is greater we expected behavioral differences between men and women to be smaller. In contrast, our evidence reveals that women are significantly more compliant than men in all countries. Furthermore, these patterns are quite consistent across countries in our study. In other words, the difference between men’s and women’s behavior is not significantly different in more gender neutral countries than in more traditional societies.

Subjective Time Experience in an Intergenerational Sample

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela E. Cooper ◽  
L. Eugene Thomas ◽  
Scott J. Stevens ◽  
David Suscovich
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Subjective Age ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Time Experience ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

The roles chronological age and gender play in subjective time experience were explored in a sample of 294 adult men and women. Subjective time experience (STE: the difference between subjective age and chronological age) was found to vary widely among individuals, with some being “accurate” (SA = CA), and others either “retarded” (SA < CA) or “advanced” (SA > CA). Males were more retarded in STE than females at every point in the lifespan, and patterns of age differences in adulthood differed for the two sexes as well. The results suggest that chronological age may play a key role in transitions in STE, and that chronological age is more significant in the STE of women than in the STE of men.

Gender Differences in Activities and Mobility in the Netherlands, 1975 to 1990

1997 ◽  
Vol 1607 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul van Beek ◽  
Nelly Kalfs ◽  
Ursula Blom
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Car Use ◽  
The Difference

As in many other countries, a growing number of women in the Netherlands are entering the labor market. The difference between male and female participation in paid work is decreasing, and more men are taking care of domestic duties. It is expected that these changes will lead to growing numbers of task combiners and to more similar patterns of travel behavior for men and women. The intention of the present research is to investigate these expectations for the situation in the Netherlands. For this goal two groups of time budget data for the period from 1975 to 1990 were analyzed. The focus was on gender differences in trends in time use and mobility. The results indicate that between 1975 and 1990, the distribution of paid work and domestic work by men and women changed, more men and women were performing combinations of obligatory tasks, gender differences in mobility became smaller, and car use, both for men and for women, depended heavily on the workload of an out-of-home paid job.

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