The interplay of complexity and subjectivity in opinionated discourse

2020 ◽  
pp. 146144562096692
Author(s):  
Katharina Ehret ◽  
Maite Taboada
Keyword(s):  
Kolmogorov Complexity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Online News ◽  
Conditional Inference ◽  
Text Complexity ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Conditional Inference Trees ◽  
Evaluative Language ◽  
Reader Comments ◽  
Linguistic Methods

This paper brings together cutting-edge, quantitative corpus methodologies and discourse analysis to explore the relationship between text complexity and subjectivity as descriptive features of opinionated language. We are specifically interested in how text complexity and markers of subjectivity and argumentation interact in opinionated discourse. Our contributions include the marriage of quantitative approaches to text complexity with corpus linguistic methods for the study of subjectivity, in addition to large-scale analyses of evaluative discourse. As our corpus, we use the Simon Fraser Opinion and Comments Corpus (SOCC), which comprises approximately 10,000 opinion articles and the corresponding reader comments from the Canadian online newspaper The Globe and Mail, as well as a parallel corpus of hard news articles also sampled from The Globe and Mail. Methodologically, we combine conditional inference trees with the analysis of random forests, an ensemble learning technique, to investigate the interplay between text complexity and subjectivity. Text complexity is defined in terms of Kolmogorov complexity, that is, the complexity of a text is measured based on its description length. In this approach, texts which can be described more efficiently are considered to be linguistically less complex. Thus, Kolmogorov complexity is a measure of structural surface redundancy. Our take on subjectivity is inspired by research in evaluative language, stance and Appraisal and defined as the expression of evaluation and opinion in language. Drawing on a sentiment analysis lexicon and the literature on stance markers, a custom set of subjectivity and argumentation markers is created. The results show that complexity can be a powerful tool in the classification of text into different text types, and that stance adverbials serve as distinctive features of subjectivity in online news comments.

Phonological properties of word classes and directionality in conversion

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Random Forests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Conditional Inference ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Conditional Inference Trees ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Accurate Indicator ◽  
English Noun

In the study of the word-formation process of conversion, one particularly difficult task is to determine the directionality of the process, that is, to decide which word represents the base and which the derived word. One possibility to inform this decision that has received only limited attention is to capitalize on word-class-specific phonological properties. This paper empirically investigates this option for English noun-verb conversion by building on recent findings on phonological differences between these two word classes. A large-scale study of phonological properties is carried out on CELEX data, employing the quantitative techniques of conditional inference trees and random forests. An important result of this analysis is that the accuracy of phonological cues varies widely across different subsamples in the data. Essentially this means that phonological cues can be used as a criterion to determine the directionality of words that are at least two syllables in length. When restricted to this part of the lexicon, phonological properties represent a fairly accurate indicator of source word class and are therefore a useful addition to the linguist's toolkit for determining directionality in conversion. Based on this result, the paper also discusses the relations of phonological properties to other criteria commonly employed to determine directionality.

scholarly journals Cultural Diplomacy and Europe's Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939: Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Benjamin G. Martin ◽  
Elisabeth Piller
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Arts ◽  
International Exposition ◽  
German Nation ◽  
Iconic Image ◽  
Industrial Designers

Photographs of the German and Soviet pavilions facing off at the Paris International Exposition in 1937 offer an iconic image of the interwar period, and with good reason. This image captures the interwar period's great conflict of ideologies, the international interconnectedness of the age and the aestheticisation of political and ideological conflict in the age of mass media and mass spectacle. [Figure 1] Last but not least, it captures the importance in the 1930s of what we now call cultural diplomacy. Both pavilions – Germany's, in Albert Speer's neo-classical tower bloc crowned with a giant swastika, and the Soviet Union's, housed in Boris Iofan's forward-thrusting structure topped by Vera Mukhina's monumental sculptural group – represented the outcome of a large-scale collaboration between political leaders and architects, artists, intellectuals and graphic and industrial designers seeking to present their country to foreign visitors in a manner designed to advance the country's interests in the international arena. Each pavilion, that is, made an outreach that was diplomatic – in the sense that it sought to mediate between distinct polities – using means that were cultural – in the sense that they deployed refined aesthetic practices (like the arts and architecture) and in the sense that they highlighted the distinctive features, or ‘culture’, of a particular group (like the German nation or the Soviet state).

scholarly journals Limits of data anonymity: lack of public awareness risks trust in health system activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Gille ◽  
Caroline Brall
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Public Trust ◽  
Online News ◽  
Healthcare Management ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Public ◽  
Privacy And Anonymity

AbstractPublic trust is paramount for the well functioning of data driven healthcare activities such as digital health interventions, contact tracing or the build-up of electronic health records. As the use of personal data is the common denominator for these healthcare activities, healthcare actors have an interest to ensure privacy and anonymity of the personal data they depend on. Maintaining privacy and anonymity of personal data contribute to the trustworthiness of these healthcare activities and are associated with the public willingness to trust these activities with their personal data. An analysis of online news readership comments about the failed care.data programme in England revealed that parts of the public have a false understanding of anonymity in the context of privacy protection of personal data as used for healthcare management and medical research. Some of those commenting demanded complete anonymity of their data to be willing to trust the process of data collection and analysis. As this demand is impossible to fulfil and trust is built on a false understanding of anonymity, the inability to meet this demand risks undermining public trust. Since public concerns about anonymity and privacy of personal data appear to be increasing, a large-scale information campaign about the limits and possibilities of anonymity with respect to the various uses of personal health data is urgently needed to help the public to make better informed choices about providing personal data.

scholarly journals The information complexity of learning tasks, their structure and their distance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Achille ◽  
Giovanni Paolini ◽  
Glen Mbeng ◽  
Stefano Soatto
Keyword(s):  
Kolmogorov Complexity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Parametric Model ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Optimization Scheme ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Asymmetric Distance ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Real World Datasets

Abstract We introduce an asymmetric distance in the space of learning tasks and a framework to compute their complexity. These concepts are foundational for the practice of transfer learning, whereby a parametric model is pre-trained for a task, and then fine tuned for another. The framework we develop is non-asymptotic, captures the finite nature of the training dataset and allows distinguishing learning from memorization. It encompasses, as special cases, classical notions from Kolmogorov complexity and Shannon and Fisher information. However, unlike some of those frameworks, it can be applied to large-scale models and real-world datasets. Our framework is the first to measure complexity in a way that accounts for the effect of the optimization scheme, which is critical in deep learning.

Zur Entwicklung der modalenverstehen-Konstruktion: Ein Konservierungseffekt im Zuge der Auxiliarisierung

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-135
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Dekalo
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Conditional Inference ◽  
Fourth Period ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Previous Time ◽  
Conditional Inference Trees ◽  
Feature Based

AbstractThe present paper deals with item- and feature-based changes of the modal semi-schematic construction with verstehen in written German during the 20th century. To understand this development, the century is divided into four equal periods. Applying a simple collexeme analysis for each time span, the study ascertains which lexical verbs appear as typical items in a schematic slot constituting its collostructional profile. Comparing the distributional behavior manually in a pairwise fashion, the analysis reveals that solely three verbs, namely machen, umgehen and meistern, stay constantly highly attracted within the top collexemes of the verstehen-construction during the 20th century. Using a dependency-based semantic space model, the study demonstrates that the collostructional profile of the fourth period differs considerably from the previous time span. Utilizing random forest of conditional inference trees, changes in terms of usage features of the modal construction are pinpointed. As a result, its grammaticality degree has not increased demonstrating solely minor changes in temporal functionality as well as in realization of subject forms.

A comparative analysis of “Hutsulka” in the performing interpretations by two violinists representing the tradition of the Kosmach-Brusturiv areal

Ethnomusic ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-177
Author(s):  
Jarema Pavliv ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mobile Elements ◽  
Strategic Performance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
Linear Movement ◽  
Melodic Line ◽  
Individual Interpretation ◽  
Formal Features

In the offered article, a comparative analysis of two performing versions of the wedding ceremonial dance “Hutsulka”, dominant in the Eastern Carpathians region of Ukraine has been made, with outstanding violinists-capellists, which, based on traditions and their own virtuoso style, developed this dance genre due to the accumulation of stable and mobile elements of melo-, rhythm- and form-making, as well as the establishment of aesthetics of regional styles. The material for the study was the audio version of the “Hutsulka” recorded on the basis of the performance of two violinists representing the region of Kosmach- Brusturiv villages tradition – Kyrylo Lyndiuk (“Vityshyn”, 1929–2003) (recorded by prof. Bogdan Lukaniuk in 1991) and Ivan Sokoliuk (born in 1944; Musician's own recording of 2017) – and transcribed by the author of the article. The performance of “Hutsulka” by each violinist is characteristic of common and distinctive features concerning the formation of the variative composition, the thematic material (respectively, 29 and 43 themes of kolomyika, kozachok and voloshka bases), tonality and rhythmic structuring, individual interpretation of ornamentation, which is collectively connected with artistic orientation on certain artistic and performing directions, presented by iconic musicians-predecessors. The formal features of the Hutsulka composition depends on scenery where it is performed (1); the tonality outline determined by established regional tradition (2), and rhythmic outline, by the overall style, varyation technics, updating and ornamentation of rhythmic formulas, characteristic of the personal manner and style of the performer (3). Ornamentation, as the essence of the performing style of any Hutsul musician, in K. “Vityshyn” is characterized by intense interweaving of short melismatic legal groups and non-legal figurations within melodic line and texture. I. Sokoliuk 166 enriches the linear movement with prolonged melismatic groups and rhythm- intonational and figurational turns that decorate it and amplify the expression of dance overall sonority. In performing aesthetics of K. Lyndiuk prevails an acute articulation of melodic expressiveness with accented and often pointed rhythmic patterns that provides representative-temperamental virtuosity. For strategic performance aesthetics of I. Sokoliuk, rich in virtuosic expressiveness, is characterized by choral and transparent ringing articulation in the context of “stratum”-development creation of the whole large-scale virtuoso composition. Each version reveals individual compositional, improvised, techno-performing, emotional as well as aesthetic mind of their creators. All these qualities, formed by both musicians in a single tradition and expressed in related kolomyika and kozachok-voloshka tunes, present the decision of developmental, composite, rhythmic, intonational, articulation, tempo and many other aspects of style, characteristic of folk violinists – soloists and capellists, inherent to each of them, in their performing manner, evident in “Hutsulka” rendering.

Performance of Wireless Magnetometers for Stop Bar Detection at Signalized Intersections

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (45) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jidong J. Yang ◽  
Bashan Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Conditional Inference ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Reliable Detection ◽  
Conditional Inference Trees

Wireless magnetometers have been considered as a practical alternative to inductive loops and suitable for large intersections, where span wire is generally used for traffic signal support. In this paper, wireless magnetometers are evaluated for stop bar vehicle detection at signalized intersections. High-resolution detector data were collected in the field subjected to various weather and environmental conditions. Conditional inference trees were used to correlate detection errors with weather and environmental factors that potentially affect the performance of wireless magnetometers. The study results indicated that the wireless magnetometers are fairly robust to various environmental conditions, such as wind, lighting, and visibility. Frequent passing of heavy vehicles, common at large intersections, can cause communication interruption between in-pavement sensors and the access point. This likely increases false and stuck-on call errors, which could be aggravated by adverse weather (e.g., rain, fog, or snow). This communication interruption issue can be mitigated by proper installation of additional repeaters. Provided the interruption issues are site-specific, professional judgment and field test are required for proper system setup, which is critical to delivering accurate and reliable detection for the wireless magnetometer system.

scholarly journals Creativity And Innovation Thinking

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Gulnoza Sabirovna Sultanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Young People ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Analytical Analysis ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Innovative Thinking ◽  
Creativity And Innovation

In this article, a comparative analysis of creative and innovative thinking in a similar and different way will be made. The peculiarities of creativity and the essence of innovation are considered to be brought up as an object of philosophical research. Within the framework of the theme, it is mentioned about how our young people can use the opportunities created in our country on a large scale, about the achievement of the goals, the pursuit of innovation, creative thinking consisting of creative processes in a specific way and the various methods used in the mobilization of its implementation and their practical opportunities. Also, analytical analysis of the characteristic aspects of innovative thinking was carried out.The essence and essence of creative and innovational thinking, its distinctive features are considered to be brought up as an object of philosophical research. The views on innovation and creative thinking were also analyzed comparatively. In particular, it is noted that the formation of creative and innovative thinking is a period demand as well as a social need.

The dative alternation in South Asian English(es)

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Bernaisch ◽  
Stefan Th. Gries ◽  
Joybrato Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Conditional Inference ◽  
The South ◽  
Double Object ◽  
Indian English ◽  
British English ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
Dative Alternation ◽  
Syntactic Pattern ◽  
Conditional Inference Trees

The present paper focuses on the modelling of cross-varietal differences and similarities in South Asian English(es) and British English at the level of verb complementation. Specifically, we analyse the dative alternation with GIVE, i.e. the alternation between the double-object construction (John gave Mary a book) and the prepositional dative (John gave a book to Mary) as well as their passivised constructions with regard to the factors that potentially exert an influence on this alternation in seven varieties of English. The South Asian varieties under scrutiny are Bangladeshi English, Indian English, Maldivian English, Nepali English, Pakistani English and Sri Lankan English, while British English serves as the reference variety. The patterns of GIVE are annotated according to the following parameters including potential predictors of the dative alternation: syntactic pattern and semantic class of GIVE; syntactic complexity, animacy, discourse accessibility and pronominality of constituents (cf. Gries 2003b; Bresnan and Hay 2008). The choices of complementation patterns are then statistically modelled using conditional inference trees and a random-forest analysis. The results indicate that many of the predictors found to be relevant in British English are at play in the South Asian varieties, too. The syntactic pattern of GIVE is, in descending order, uniformly influenced by the predictors pronominality of recipient, length of recipient, semantic class of GIVE and length of patient. Interestingly, the predictor country is marginal in accounting for the dative alternation of GIVE across the varieties at hand. Based on this observation, we derive variety-independent protostructions, i.e. abstract combinations of (cross-varietally stable) features with high predictive power for a particular syntactic pattern, which we argue to be part of the lexicogrammatical “common core” (Quirk et al. 1985: 16) of English. The implications of the present paper are twofold. While the order of the predictors regarding their influence on the dative alternation is clearly compatible with earlier studies (cf. e.g. Green 1974; Ransom 1979; Hawkins 1994; Gries 2003b), the stability of the order across varieties of English calls for a) a more fine-grained gradation of linguistic forms and structures at the lexis-grammar interface as indicators of structural nativisation and b) a revision of earlier verb-complementational findings specific to individual or groups of varieties of South Asian English.

Agile Scrum Issues at Large-Scale Distributed Projects

2022 ◽  
pp. 388-398
Author(s):  
Ayesha Khalid ◽  
Shariq Aziz Butt ◽  
Tauseef Jamal ◽  
Saikat Gochhait
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Software Industry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Project Organization ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Change Requests ◽  
Agile Model ◽  
Large Scale Project

The agile model is a very vast and popular model in use in the software industry currently. It changes the way software is developed. It was introduced in 2001 to overcome deficiencies of software development in a workshop arranged by researchers and practitioners who were involved with the agile concept. They introduced the complete agile manifesto. The agile model has main components that make it more viable for use in well-organized software development. One of these is scrum methodology. The reason for the agile-scrum popularity is its use for small-scale projects, making small teams and allows change requests at any stage of a project from the client. It works for client satisfaction. Instead of so much popularity and distinctive features, agile-scrum also has some limitations when used for large scale projects development that makes it less efficient for development. This article discusses the agile-scrum methodology and its limitations when using for large-scale project organization.

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