Facial feminisation: an overview of the role of the surgeon and orthodontist

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Parker ◽  
Farhad B Naini ◽  
Daljit S Gill ◽  
Keith Altman
Keyword(s):  
Facial Features ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Patient Assessment ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Good Patient ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Male To Female

Facial feminisation surgery (FFS) aims to feminise the face by changing masculine facial features to feminine ones. It is commonly undertaken for transsexual individuals who are transitioning from male to female or for women who wish to further feminise their facial appearance. Assessment and treatment planning by a multidisciplinary team is essential for any patient considering FFS. Orthodontists have an important role within this team as patients may first present to an orthodontist expressing concerns about the appearance of their jaws. Therefore, it is important that orthodontists have a detailed understanding of FFS procedures, to enable good patient communication, thorough patient assessment and onwards referral where required. This article reviews the common FFS procedures, their indications, and the benefits and risks of each procedure and highlights the role of the orthodontist.

FACE RECOGNITION USING FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-897
Author(s):  
Vishal Paika ◽  
Er. Pankaj Bhambri
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Feature Points ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
The Face ◽  
Hair Style ◽  
Facial Images

The face is the feature which distinguishes a person. Facial appearance is vital for human recognition. It has certain features like forehead, skin, eyes, ears, nose, cheeks, mouth, lip, teeth etc which helps us, humans, to recognize a particular face from millions of faces even after a large span of time and despite large changes in their appearance due to ageing, expression, viewing conditions and distractions such as disfigurement of face, scars, beard or hair style. A face is not merely a set of facial features but is rather but is rather something meaningful in its form.In this paper, depending on the various facial features, a system is designed to recognize them. To reveal the outline of the face, eyes, ears, nose, teeth etc different edge detection techniques have been used. These features are extracted in the term of distance between important feature points. The feature set obtained is then normalized and are feed to artificial neural networks so as to train them for reorganization of facial images.

Peripheral Facial Features Guiding Eye Movements and Reducing Fixational Variability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole X Han ◽  
Puneeth N. Chakravarthula ◽  
Miguel P. Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Robust Solution ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Fixation Variability

Face processing is a fast and efficient process due to its evolutionary and social importance. A majority of people direct their first eye movement to a featureless point just below the eyes that maximizes accuracy in recognizing a person's identity and gender. Yet, the exact properties or features of the face that guide the first eye movements and reduce fixational variability are unknown. Here, we manipulated the presence of the facial features and the spatial configuration of features to investigate their effect on the location and variability of first and second fixations to peripherally presented faces. Results showed that observers can utilize the face outline, individual facial features, and feature spatial configuration to guide the first eye movements to their preferred point of fixation. The eyes have a preferential role in guiding the first eye movements and reducing fixation variability. Eliminating the eyes or altering their position had the greatest influence on the location and variability of fixations and resulted in the largest detriment to face identification performance. The other internal features (nose and mouth) also contribute to reducing fixation variability. A subsequent experiment measuring detection of single features showed that the eyes have the highest detectability (relative to other features) in the visual periphery providing a strong sensory signal to guide the oculomotor system. Together, the results suggest a flexible multiple-cue approach that might be a robust solution to cope with how the varying eccentricities in the real world influence the ability to resolve individual feature properties and the preferential role of the eyes.

scholarly journals Lay beliefs in physiognomy explain overreliance on facial impressions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Jaeger ◽  
Anthony M Evans ◽  
Marielle Stel ◽  
Ilja van Beest
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Diagnostic Information ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Dutch Population ◽  
Judgment Accuracy ◽  
Lay Beliefs ◽  
Decision Outcomes ◽  
Accuracy Study

People often rely on a person’s facial appearance when judging their character, even when more diagnostic information is available. This can lead to worse decision outcomes and appearance-based discrimination. What explains this overreliance on facial impressions? In three studies, we examine the role of lay beliefs in physiognomy—the idea that facial features are indicative of a person’s character. We find widespread endorsement of physiognomic beliefs in a representative sample of the Dutch population (Study 1, n = 2,624). Crucially, people with stronger physiognomic belief rely more on facial impressions when making trust decisions (Study 2, n = 224). They are also more confident in their ability to detect corrupt politicians based on facial photographs, but this increased confidence is not associated with superior judgment accuracy (Study 3, n = 406). In sum, our studies show that physiognomic beliefs are widespread and related to overreliance on facial impressions.

scholarly journals Особенности семантики гендерных фразеологизмов (на материале вос- точно- и западнославянских языков)

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Kedron
Keyword(s):  
The Common ◽  
Fixed Expressions ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Semantic Processes

This study is an attempt to show how the “gender” semantics of fixed expressions form and what the function of the gender component is in this process. An analysis of the language material shows that there are several cases of modification of “gender” semantics of idiomatic phrases: changes in the phrase’s connotation (there are distinctions between utterances with the same structure in one language or between similar cases in different languages); the change of the referent from male to female (or vice versa) or to the common human meaning etc. It is also shown that the role of the gender component is intrinsic to semantic processes.

Intention vs. Negligence

2019 ◽  
pp. 175-184
Author(s):  
George P. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Reasonable Person ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

This chapter explores the role of mental state in criminal cases, considering the concept of negligence. Lawyers trained in the common law tradition are familiar with the concept of mens rea and the maxim actus non facit reus nisi mens sit rea. Literally this means that there is no criminal (or guilty) act without a criminal (or guilty) mind. The problem is that there are both descriptive and normative interpretations of mens rea and of the maxim. The normative or moral interpretation of mens rea holds that the term equivalent to a guilty mind, for example, a basis for blaming the actor for their conduct, is something not possible in the face of the defenses considered in the last chapter. Meanwhile, negligence is based, as in the classic definition from the law of torts, on the conduct of “a reasonable person under the circumstances.” The important point is that negligence is based on the fault of not knowing.

The Face of the Next Leader: The Role of Facial Appearance on CEO Selection after Firm Misconduct

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (1) ◽  
pp. 11974 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Gomulya ◽  
Elaine M. Wong ◽  
Margaret Ormiston ◽  
Warren Boeker
Keyword(s):  
Facial Appearance ◽  
The Face ◽  
Ceo Selection

scholarly journals The importance of internal facial features in learning new faces

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Longmore ◽  
Chang Hong Liu ◽  
Andrew W. Young
Keyword(s):  
Facial Features ◽  
External Feature ◽  
Internal Feature ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Identity

For familiar faces, the internal features (eyes, nose, and mouth) are known to be differentially salient for recognition compared to external features such as hairstyle. Two experiments are reported that investigate how this internal feature advantage accrues as a face becomes familiar. In Experiment 1, we tested the contribution of internal and external features to the ability to generalize from a single studied photograph to different views of the same face. A recognition advantage for the internal features over the external features was found after a change of viewpoint, whereas there was no internal feature advantage when the same image was used at study and test. In Experiment 2, we removed the most salient external feature (hairstyle) from studied photographs and looked at how this affected generalization to a novel viewpoint. Removing the hair from images of the face assisted generalization to novel viewpoints, and this was especially the case when photographs showing more than one viewpoint were studied. The results suggest that the internal features play an important role in the generalization between different images of an individual's face by enabling the viewer to detect the common identity-diagnostic elements across non-identical instances of the face.

scholarly journals CLINIFACE: PHENOTYPIC VISUALISATION AND ANALYSIS USING NON-RIGID REGISTRATION OF 3D FACIAL IMAGES

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2020 ◽  
pp. 301-308
Author(s):  
R. L. Palmer ◽  
P. Helmholz ◽  
G. Baynam
Keyword(s):  
Facial Features ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Facial Image ◽  
Facial Analysis ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Facial Landmarks ◽  
The Face ◽  
Measuring Tool ◽  
Facial Images ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Facial appearance has long been understood to offer insight into a person’s health. To an experienced clinician, atypical facial features may signify the presence of an underlying rare or genetic disease. Clinicians use their knowledge of how disease affects facial appearance along with the patient’s physiological and behavioural traits, and their medical history, to determine a diagnosis. Specialist expertise and experience is needed to make a dysmorphological facial analysis. Key to this is accurately assessing how a face is significantly different in shape and/or growth compared to expected norms. Modern photogrammetric systems can acquire detailed 3D images of the face which can be used to conduct a facial analysis in software with greater precision than can be obtained in person. Measurements from 3D facial images are already used as an alternative to direct measurement using instruments such as tape measures, rulers, or callipers. However, the ability to take accurate measurements – whether virtual or not – presupposes the assessor’s facility to accurately place the endpoints of the measuring tool at the positions of standardised anatomical facial landmarks. In this paper, we formally introduce Cliniface – a free and open source application that uses a recently published highly precise method of detecting facial landmarks from 3D facial images by non-rigidly transforming an anthropometric mask (AM) to the target face. Inter-landmark measurements are then used to automatically identify facial traits that may be of clinical significance. Herein, we show how non-experts with minimal guidance can use Cliniface to extract facial anthropometrics from a 3D facial image at a level of accuracy comparable to an expert. We further show that Cliniface itself is able to extract the same measurements at a similar level of accuracy – completely automatically.

Looking in the eyes to discriminate

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jantina Bolhuis ◽  
Thorsten Kolling ◽  
Monika Knopf
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Familiar Face ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
The Face ◽  
Direct Linkage ◽  
Subsequent Discrimination

Studies showed that individual differences in encoding speed as well as looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli can relate to differences in subsequent face discrimination. Nevertheless, a direct linkage between encoding speed and looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli and the role of these encoding characteristics for subsequent discrimination has not been investigated yet. In the present habituation study, an eye-tracker was used to investigate how individual differences in encoding speed (number of habituation trials) relate to individual differences in looking behaviour on faces and the internal facial features (eyes, nose, and mouth) during encoding as well as discrimination. Forty infants habituated to a photograph of a female face. In a subsequent dishabituation phase, a new face was followed by the familiar one. As expected, the results showed that most of the infants were able to habituate to the face and that they managed to discriminate between the new and the familiar face. Furthermore, correlations and analyses of variance showed that individual differences in encoding during habituation related to differences in looking behaviour during habituation as well as dishabituation. Slower-habituating infants could better discriminate between the new and the familiar face and showed a higher interest in the eyes during habituation as well as dishabituation than faster-habituating infants. These data underline that individual differences in encoding speed relate to individual differences in looking behaviour and that increased looking behaviour to important social cues might help subsequent discrimination.

scholarly journals Evaluation and treatment of facial feminization surgery: part I. forehead, orbits, eyebrows, eyes, and nose

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-510
Author(s):  
Brian N. Dang ◽  
Allison C. Hu ◽  
Anthony A. Bertrand ◽  
Candace H. Chan ◽  
Nirbhay S. Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Frontal Sinus ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Patient Assessment ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Key Aspects

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) incorporates aesthetic and craniofacial surgical principles and techniques to feminize masculine facial features and facilitate gender transitioning. A detailed understanding of the defining male and female facial characteristics is essential for success. In this first part of a two-part series, we discuss key aspects of the general preoperative consultation that should be considered when evaluating the prospective facial feminization patient. Assessment of the forehead, orbits, hairline, eyebrows, eyes, and nose and the associated procedures, including scalp advancement, supraorbital rim reduction, setback of the anterior table of the frontal sinus, rhinoplasty, and soft tissue modifications of the upper and midface are discussed. In the second part of this series, bony manipulation of the midface, mandible, and chin, as well as soft tissue modification of the nasolabial complex and chondrolaryngoplasty are discussed. Finally, a review of the literature on patient-reported outcomes in this population following FFS is provided.

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