Looking in the eyes to discriminate

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jantina Bolhuis ◽  
Thorsten Kolling ◽  
Monika Knopf
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Familiar Face ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
The Face ◽  
Direct Linkage ◽  
Subsequent Discrimination

Studies showed that individual differences in encoding speed as well as looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli can relate to differences in subsequent face discrimination. Nevertheless, a direct linkage between encoding speed and looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli and the role of these encoding characteristics for subsequent discrimination has not been investigated yet. In the present habituation study, an eye-tracker was used to investigate how individual differences in encoding speed (number of habituation trials) relate to individual differences in looking behaviour on faces and the internal facial features (eyes, nose, and mouth) during encoding as well as discrimination. Forty infants habituated to a photograph of a female face. In a subsequent dishabituation phase, a new face was followed by the familiar one. As expected, the results showed that most of the infants were able to habituate to the face and that they managed to discriminate between the new and the familiar face. Furthermore, correlations and analyses of variance showed that individual differences in encoding during habituation related to differences in looking behaviour during habituation as well as dishabituation. Slower-habituating infants could better discriminate between the new and the familiar face and showed a higher interest in the eyes during habituation as well as dishabituation than faster-habituating infants. These data underline that individual differences in encoding speed relate to individual differences in looking behaviour and that increased looking behaviour to important social cues might help subsequent discrimination.

Peripheral Facial Features Guiding Eye Movements and Reducing Fixational Variability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole X Han ◽  
Puneeth N. Chakravarthula ◽  
Miguel P. Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Robust Solution ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Fixation Variability

Face processing is a fast and efficient process due to its evolutionary and social importance. A majority of people direct their first eye movement to a featureless point just below the eyes that maximizes accuracy in recognizing a person's identity and gender. Yet, the exact properties or features of the face that guide the first eye movements and reduce fixational variability are unknown. Here, we manipulated the presence of the facial features and the spatial configuration of features to investigate their effect on the location and variability of first and second fixations to peripherally presented faces. Results showed that observers can utilize the face outline, individual facial features, and feature spatial configuration to guide the first eye movements to their preferred point of fixation. The eyes have a preferential role in guiding the first eye movements and reducing fixation variability. Eliminating the eyes or altering their position had the greatest influence on the location and variability of fixations and resulted in the largest detriment to face identification performance. The other internal features (nose and mouth) also contribute to reducing fixation variability. A subsequent experiment measuring detection of single features showed that the eyes have the highest detectability (relative to other features) in the visual periphery providing a strong sensory signal to guide the oculomotor system. Together, the results suggest a flexible multiple-cue approach that might be a robust solution to cope with how the varying eccentricities in the real world influence the ability to resolve individual feature properties and the preferential role of the eyes.

Facial feminisation: an overview of the role of the surgeon and orthodontist

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Parker ◽  
Farhad B Naini ◽  
Daljit S Gill ◽  
Keith Altman
Keyword(s):  
Facial Features ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Patient Assessment ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Good Patient ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Male To Female

Facial feminisation surgery (FFS) aims to feminise the face by changing masculine facial features to feminine ones. It is commonly undertaken for transsexual individuals who are transitioning from male to female or for women who wish to further feminise their facial appearance. Assessment and treatment planning by a multidisciplinary team is essential for any patient considering FFS. Orthodontists have an important role within this team as patients may first present to an orthodontist expressing concerns about the appearance of their jaws. Therefore, it is important that orthodontists have a detailed understanding of FFS procedures, to enable good patient communication, thorough patient assessment and onwards referral where required. This article reviews the common FFS procedures, their indications, and the benefits and risks of each procedure and highlights the role of the orthodontist.

Evaluating the Effect of Interactions Between Appearance-Related Product Designs and Facial Characteristics on Social Affectivity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Hung Lo ◽  
Chih-Hsing Chu ◽  
Szu-Hao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Image Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Evaluation ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Deformation Method ◽  
Evaluation Scheme ◽  
The Face

For products that can improve the appearance of the user, such as facial accessories, both the characteristics of the product user and design features must be considered in design evaluation. This paper proposes an experimental evaluation scheme that investigates the interactions between the design features of 3D eyeglasses frames and user facial characteristics. Face models of users containing both geometric and image data were constructed using 3D scanning. A face deformation method was developed to manipulate individual facial features without changing the other features on the face models. In the evaluation scheme, participants judged synthetic faces, which had varied eye distances and orientations and were wearing factorized eyeglasses frames, according to three affective measures related to the personality attributes of confidence, friendliness, and attractiveness. The experimental results show that changing certain design features influences the impressions of the face models with varied facial characteristics. The proposed scheme facilitates designing products that strengthen the impression of specific personality traits by accommodating individual differences in facial features.

scholarly journals Individual differences in the effects of priors on perception: a multi-paradigm approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadi Tulver ◽  
Jaan Aru ◽  
Renate Rutiku ◽  
Talis Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Representational Momentum ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Pairwise Correlations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Behavioural Performance ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe present study investigated individual differences in how much subjects rely on prior information, such as expectations or knowledge, when faced with perceptual ambiguity. The behavioural performance of forty-four participants was measured on four different visual paradigms (Mooney face recognition, illusory contours, blur detection and representational momentum) in which priors have been shown to affect perception. In addition, questionnaires were used to measure autistic and schizotypal traits in the non-clinical population. We hypothesized that someone who in the face of ambiguous or noisy perceptual input relies heavily on priors, would exhibit this tendency across a variety of tasks. This general pattern would then be reflected in high pairwise correlations between the behavioural measures and an emerging common factor. On the contrary, our results imply that there is no single factor that explains the individual differences present in the aforementioned tasks, as further evidenced by the overall lack of robust correlations between the separate paradigms. Instead, a two-factor structure reflecting differences in the hierarchy of perceptual processing was the best fit for explaining the individual variance in these tasks. This lends support to the notion that mechanisms underlying the effects of priors likely originate from several independent sources and that it is important to consider the role of specific tasks and stimuli more carefully when reporting effects of priors on perception.

scholarly journals Individual differences in the effects of priors: a multi-paradigm approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadi Tulver ◽  
Jaan Aru ◽  
Renate Rutiku ◽  
Talis Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Representational Momentum ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Pairwise Correlations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Behavioural Performance ◽  
The Individual

The present study investigated individual differences in how much subjects rely on prior information, such as expectations or knowledge, when faced with perceptual ambiguity. The behavioural performance of forty-four participants was measured on four different visual paradigms (Mooney face recognition, illusory contours, blur detection and representational momentum) in which priors have been shown to affect perception. In addition, questionnaires were used to measure autistic and schizotypal traits in the non-clinical population. We hypothesized that someone who in the face of ambiguous or noisy perceptual input relies heavily on priors, would exhibit this tendency across a variety of tasks. This general pattern would then be reflected in high pairwise correlations between the behavioural measures and an emerging common factor. On the contrary, our results imply that there is no single factor that explains the individual differences present in the aforementioned tasks, as further evidenced by the overall lack of robust correlations between the separate paradigms. Instead, a two-factor structure reflecting differences in the hierarchy of perceptual processing was the best fit for explaining the individual variance in these tasks. This lends support to the notion that mechanisms underlying the effects of priors likely originate from several independent sources and that it is important to consider the role of specific tasks and stimuli more carefully when reporting effects of priors on perception.

Mechanisms of Face Specificity – Differentiating Speed and Accuracy in Face Cognition by Event-Related Potentials of Central Processing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Meyer ◽  
Hadiseh Nowparast Rostami ◽  
Guang Ouyang ◽  
Stefan Debener ◽  
Werner Sommer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
The Face ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Given the crucial role of face recognition in social life, it is hardly surprising that cognitive processes specific for faces have been identified. In previous individual differences studies, the speed (measured in easy tasks) and accuracy (difficult tasks) of face cognition (FC, involving perception and recognition of faces) have been shown to form distinct abilities, going along with divergent factorial structures. This result has been replicated, but remained unexplained. To fill this gap, we first parameterized the sub-processes underlying speed vs. accuracy in easy and difficult memory tasks for faces and houses in a large sample. Then, we analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the EEG by using residue iteration decomposition (RIDE), yielding a central (C) component that is comparable to a purified P300. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to estimate face specificity of C component latencies and amplitudes. If performance in easy tasks relies on purely general processes that are insensitive to stimulus content, there should be no specificity of individual differences in the latency recorded in easy tasks. However, in difficult tasks specificity was expected. Results indicated that, contrary to our predictions, specificity occurred in the C component latency of both speed-based and accuracy-based measures, but was stronger in accuracy. Further analyses suggested specific relationships between the face-related C latency and FC ability. Finally, we detected specificity in RTs of easy tasks when single tasks were modeled, but not when multiple tasks were jointly modeled. This suggests that the mechanisms leading to face specificity in performance speed are distinct across tasks.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Two Short Tests Fail to Detect Vigilance Decrements

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Botella ◽  
María José Contreras ◽  
Pei-Chun Shih ◽  
Víctor Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Job Selection ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Short Test ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

Summary: Deterioration in performance associated with decreased ability to sustain attention may be found in long and tedious task sessions. The necessity for assessing a number of psychological dimensions in a single session often demands “short” tests capable of assessing individual differences in abilities such as vigilance and maintenance of high performance levels. In the present paper two tasks were selected as candidates for playing this role, the Abbreviated Vigilance Task (AVT) by Temple, Warm, Dember, LaGrange and Matthews (1996) and the Continuous Attention Test (CAT) by Tiplady (1992) . However, when applied to a sample of 829 candidates in a job-selection process for air-traffic controllers, neither of them showed discriminative capacity. In a second study, an extended version of the CAT was applied to a similar sample of 667 subjects, but also proved incapable of properly detecting individual differences. In short, at least in a selection context such as that studied here, neither of the tasks appeared appropriate for playing the role of a “short” test for discriminating individual differences in performance deterioration in sustained attention.

Individual Differences in the Name Similarity Effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Howard ◽  
Roger A. Kerin
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Brand Attitude ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Usage Context

The name similarity effect is the tendency to like people, places, and things with names similar to our own. Although many researchers have examined name similarity effects on preferences and behavior, no research to date has examined whether individual differences exist in susceptibility to those effects. This research reports the results of two experiments that examine the role of self-monitoring in moderating name similarity effects. In the first experiment, name similarity effects on brand attitude and purchase intentions were found to be stronger for respondents high, rather than low, in self-monitoring. In the second experiment, the interactive effect observed in the first study was found to be especially true in a public (vs. private) usage context. These findings are consistent with theoretical expectations of name similarity effects as an expression of egotism manifested in the image and impression management concerns of high self-monitors.

The Role of Distress Disclosure Tendencies in the Experience and Expression of Laboratory-Induced Sadness

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. Kahn ◽  
Daniel W. Cox ◽  
A. Myfanwy Bakker ◽  
Julia I. O’Loughlin ◽  
Agnieszka M. Kotlarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Distress Disclosure ◽  
Computerized Text Analysis

Abstract. The benefits of talking with others about unpleasant emotions have been thoroughly investigated, but individual differences in distress disclosure tendencies have not been adequately integrated within theoretical models of emotion. The purpose of this laboratory research was to determine whether distress disclosure tendencies stem from differences in emotional reactivity or differences in emotion regulation. After completing measures of distress disclosure tendencies, social desirability, and positive and negative affect, 84 participants (74% women) were video recorded while viewing a sadness-inducing film clip. Participants completed post-film measures of affect and were then interviewed about their reactions to the film; these interviews were audio recorded for later coding and computerized text analysis. Distress disclosure tendencies were not predictive of the subjective experience of emotion, but they were positively related to facial expressions of sadness and happiness. Distress disclosure tendencies also predicted judges’ ratings of the verbal disclosure of emotion during the interview, but self-reported disclosure and use of positive and negative emotion words were not associated with distress disclosure tendencies. The authors present implications of this research for integrating individual differences in distress disclosure with models of emotion.

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