scholarly journals Review of road surface photometry methods and devices – Proposal for new measurement geometries

2020 ◽  
pp. 147715352095845
Author(s):  
V Muzet ◽  
J Bernasconi ◽  
P Iacomussi ◽  
S Liandrat ◽  
F Greffier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lighting Design ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Surface Photometry ◽  
Observation Distance ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Road Marking

Specifications concerning road lighting and photometry of road surfaces were established more than 50 years ago. Road lighting design and road marking visibility were developed for vehicle driving. The observation distance defined by standards corresponds to interurban applications; however, within Europe these areas do not tend to be lit. The objective of the SURFACE project is to propose new geometries for the photometric characterisation of pavements, both adapted to different urban travel modes and new lighting technologies. This article reviews the available guidelines, standards, measuring devices and literature regarding geometries and road lighting applications, and presents the project SURFACE analysis and proposal. The SURFACE consortium recommends adding several new angles for different driving conditions and road users; 2.29° for urban environments and consistency with road marking standard, and 1° for extra-urban environment and consistency with previous geometries. A 5° angle, corresponding to 17-m viewing distance, could be an interesting compromise, suitable for urban driving at low speed, cycling and for scooters. The angles of 10° and 20° are under consideration for describing the boundary between diffuse and specular behaviour.

INFLUENCE OF ROAD SURFACES ON THE CALCULATION OF A TARGET VISIBILITY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT LIGHTING

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lebouc ◽  
V. Boucher ◽  
F. Greffier ◽  
S. Liandrat ◽  
A. Nicolaï ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Surface ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Target Luminance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Indirect Lighting ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Target Visibility

Street lighting ensures visibility and legibility for road users. In this paper, performances of the lighting installation of four road sections with different type of road surface are simulated in accordance with guidelines and road lighting standards. Then, the calculation of the visibility level of a target according to the Adrian’s model is included. Next, the light reflections on the road surface are added to the calculation of the target luminance. For this, the area considered in front of the target as well as the number of elementary surfaces are fixed and a Q_0-scaling of the r-table obtained for α=45° is performed. We compare the results obtained for each section with and without considering the light reflections and conclude that there is negligible incidence of the nature of the road surface on the target luminance. However, an effect of the road surface on the visibility level of the target is observed.

scholarly journals Influence of Pavement Heterogeneity and Observation Angle on Lighting Design: Study with New Metrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11789
Author(s):  
Florian Greffier ◽  
Valérie Muzet ◽  
Vincent Boucher ◽  
Fabrice Fournela ◽  
Laure Lebouc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lighting Design ◽  
Observation Angle ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Average Luminance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

Optimization of lighting installations should be a priority in order to reduce energy consumption and obtrusive light while providing optimal visibility conditions for road users. For the design of lighting installations, it is assumed that the road has homogeneous photometric characteristics and only one viewing angle is used. There are often significant differences between the design of lighting installations and their actual performance. In order to examine whether these differences are due to the photometry of the road, this study proposes metrics to assess the influence of road heterogeneity and observation angle. These metrics have been used on many measurements conducted on site and in the laboratory for different pavements. A calculation engine has been developed to realize road lighting design with several r-tables in the same calculation or for different observation angles. Thus, this study shows that a root mean squared deviation (RMSD) calculation, including average luminance and uniformities associated with different r-tables, is directly correlated to a normalized root mean squared deviation (NRMSD) calculation between these r-tables. With these proposed metrics it is possible to optimize lighting installation while taking into account different types of urban surfaces and the diversity of users.

scholarly journals HCL Control Strategy for an Adaptive Roadway Lighting Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 9960
Author(s):  
Chun-Hsi Liu ◽  
Chun-Yu Hsiao ◽  
Jyh-Cherng Gu ◽  
Kuan-Yi Liu ◽  
Shu-Fen Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Data ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Flux Analysis ◽  
Optical Components ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Roadway Lighting ◽  
And Control ◽  
Led Lights

This study aims to develop a human-centric, intelligent lighting control system using adaptive LED lights in roadway lighting, integrated with an imaging luminance meter that uses an IoT sensor driver to detect the brightness of road surfaces. AI image data are collected for luminance and vehicle conditions analyses to adjust the output of the photometric curve. Type-A lenses are designed for R3 dry roads, while Type-B lenses are designed for W1 wet roads, to solve hazards caused by slippery roads, for optimizing safety and for visual clarity for road users. Data are collected for establishing formulae to optimize road lighting. First, the research uses zonal flux analysis to design secondary optical components of LED roadway lighting. Based on the distribution of LED lights and the target photometric curve, the freeform surface calculation model and formula are established, and control points of each curved surface are calculated using an iterative method. The reflection coefficient of a roadway is used to design optical lenses that take into account the illuminance and luminance uniformity to produce photometric curves accordingly. This system monitors roadway luminance in real time, which simulates drivers’ visual experiences and uses the ZigBee protocol to transmit control commands. This optimizes the output of light according to weather and produces quality roadway lighting, providing a safer driving environment.

An Approach To Comparative Simulation Of Road Lighting and Estimation Of Associated Quality Parameters

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Sourin Bhattacharya ◽  
Suddhasatwa Chakraborty ◽  
Susanta Ray
Keyword(s):  
Lighting Design ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Lighting Simulation ◽  
Matlab Programming

A software-based comparative simulation work was conducted about the luminance-based method of road lighting design with MATLAB and DIALux, giving due consideration to the design standards laid down in CIE140:2019 technical report. The outputs were obtained for a specified set of road lighting conditions in terms of luminaire mounting height, road width, spacing of lighting poles, overhang, and maintenance factor for four different CIE standard road surfaces R1, R2, R3, and R4, six different observer positions and three types of luminai rearrangements. MATLAB and DIALux outputs were quantified by three quality parameters, namely: average luminance, overall uniformity and longitudinal uniformity of luminance, and the linear correlation between the two was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.00001). DIALux, as a graphical lighting design tool, was found to be more convenient than the algorithm-reliant MATLAB programming approach for general road lighting simulation. However, MATLAB programming approachcould facilitate experimental road lighting simulation, and the developed MATLAB program could be used as a flexible tool to simulate road lighting with experimental luminaire distribution curve of luminous intensity (I) and road surface reduced luminance coefficient (r) tables. Further developments upon it could potentially integrate provisions for luminaires with custom tilt and curved road surfaces.

OPTIMISING ROAD LIGHTING TO REDUCE ROAD TRAFFIC CRASHES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Robbins ◽  
S. Fotios ◽  
J. Uttley ◽  
R. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Ambient Light Level ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

Pedestrians and motorcyclists are vulnerable road users, being over represented in road traffic collisions (RTCs). One assumed benefit of road lighting is a reduction in RTCs after dark by countering the impairment to the visual detection of hazards that occur after dark. One way to optimise the use of road lighting is to light only those sections of road where light level, and hence visibility, is an important factor. The current study used change in ambient light level on RTCs to investigate those situations where improved vision is likely to have significant impact, and therefore the situations where road lighting is of better cost-benefit effectiveness. For both motorcyclist and pedestrian RTCs there was a significant increase in overall RTC risk in darkness compared to daylight, indicating that there may be an overall benefit of road lighting. While darkness was a particular detriment at junctions for motorcyclists and on high-speed roads for pedestrians, road lighting may not be effective mitigation in either case and therefore alternative ways of increasing conspicuity should be considered.

IMPACT OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS ON THE EVALUATION OF STREET LIGHTING UNIFORMITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrika Wänström Lindh ◽  
Annika K. Jägerbrand
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Combined Method ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Road ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Method Approach

Uniformity of lighting for pedestrians is often assumed to have been achieved in mixed traffic environments when the lighting uniformity requirements for vehicular traffic have been fulfilled. Uniformity of lighting for drivers is commonly evaluated based on quan-titative data on parameters such as overall luminance uniformity. However, methods for evaluating uniformity from the perspective of other road users are currently somewhat lacking. This study discusses qualitative and quantitative methods of assessing street lighting uniformity, and the potential implications for lighting design and the road us-ers. We used convergence design and imbedded design based on two field studies. The research purpose is twofold: first, to study if, and how, measured lighting uni-formity corresponds with visual perception. Secondly, to identify and explain the addi-tional value that a combined method approach can contribute. The study considers ex-amples of when the measured uniformity corresponds to visually perceived uniformity and when they do not correspond.

A new procedure for determining the road surface reduced luminance coefficient table by on-site measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Strbac-Hadzibegovic ◽  
S Strbac-Savic ◽  
M Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Road Surface ◽  
Surface Reflection ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Average Luminance ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Q Values

Numerous measurements have shown that the standard R classes do not represent adequately many road surfaces used nowadays. Therefore, the construction of portable reflectometers intended for on-site measurements of road surface reflection properties has been given particular attention during the last decade. This paper presents a new procedure for the improvement of the accuracy of such a portable reflectometer. Optimally extrapolating the values of the 20 luminance coefficients (q), each measured by the portable reflectometer for a set of angles of observation (α = 5°–80°), the 20 q-values referring to α = 1° are calculated. This enables their comparison with the corresponding q elements from each of the 447 reduced q-tables derived from the available r-table database, obtained by using a precise laboratory reflectometer on a wide variety of road samples. Selecting the closest reduced q-table, the corresponding r-table and the actual average luminance coefficient can be determined. In order to validate the proposed procedure, which can also be applied to other similar portable reflectometers, measurements of the luminance and overall and longitudinal luminance uniformities were carried out on eleven road-lighting installations. They showed that the results obtained by this procedure deviate only slightly from those obtained using r-tables determined by the laboratory reflectometer.

scholarly journals Graph-Based Spatial Data Processing and Analysis for More Efficient Road Lighting Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Ernst ◽  
Marek Łabuz ◽  
Kamila Środa ◽  
Leszek Kotulski
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Calculation Software ◽  
Spatial Data Processing

The efficiency and affordability of modern street lighting equipment are improving quickly, but systems used to manage and design lighting installations seem to lag behind. One of their problems is the lack of consistent methods to integrate all relevant data. Tools used to manage lighting infrastructure are not aware of the geographic characteristics of the lit areas, and photometric calculation software requires a lot of manual editing by the designer, who needs to assess the characteristics of roads, define the segments, and assign the lighting classes according to standards. In this paper, we propose a graph-based method to integrate geospatial data from various sources to support the process of data preparation for photometric calculations. The method uses graph transformations to define segments and assign lighting classes. A prototype system was developed to conduct experiments using real-world data. The proposed approach is compared to results obtained by professional designers in a case study; the method was also applied to several European cities to assess its efficiency. The obtained results are much more fine-grained than those yielded by the traditional approach; as a result, the lighting is more adequate, especially when used in conjunction with automated optimisation tools.

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