The Effect of Agent Reasoning Transparency on Complacent Behavior: An Analysis of Eye Movements and Response Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1594-1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia L. Wright ◽  
Jessie Y.C. Chen ◽  
Michael J. Barnes ◽  
Peter A. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Simulated Environment ◽  
Response Performance ◽  
Incorrect Information

We examined how varying the transparency of agent reasoning affected complacent behavior, in the form of incorrect acceptances of an agent’s recommendations, in a route selection task. We were particularly interested in how participants’ eye movements might disambiguate whether the incorrect acceptances were due to complacency or incorrect information processing. Participants guided a threevehicle convoy safely through a simulated environment of which they had a limited amount of information, while maintaining communication with command and monitoring their surroundings for threats. The intelligent route-planning agent assessed potential threats and suggested changes to the convoy route as needed. Each participant was assigned to one of three agent reasoning transparency conditions. While access to agent reasoning did appear to reduce complacent behavior in one condition, performance in the other conditions indicated potential complacent behavior. An area of interest analysis, reviewed in conjunction with the performance data, indicated the reason behind the participants’ behavior was different between these two conditions. While in the non-transparent condition participants were likely engaging in complacent behavior, in the highly transparent condition it is more likely they were overwhelmed by the amount and/or type of information, resulting in difficulty assimilating the information to support their decision-making task.

scholarly journals Eye Gazes Based on Associative Relevance Assist in Decision Making Processes during Scene Perception

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Gufran Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Cognitive Dynamics ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Business Applications ◽  
Decision Making Processes

<p>Research studies on eye movements in area of information processing task, such as scene perception have recently advanced towards understandings of underlying visual perception mechanism and human cognitive dynamics. Besides, business applications of eye tracking are endlessly revealing groundbreaking trends based on practical scenarios. In this study, we conducted a number of eye tracking experiments to establish our hypothesis that the eye gazes based on the associative relevance found within the contexts of scenes during scene perception significantly supported the processes of decision making. The collected eye movement data from participants who viewed artistic scenes discovered that the tracks of eye gazes traversed along the existing associative relevance among the elements of scenes for decision making processes. These experimental evidences confirmed our hypothesis that the eye gazes based on associative relevance assisted in decision making processes during scene perception.</p>

Baseball Players’ Eye Movements and Higher Coincident-Timing Task Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-586
Author(s):  
Ikumi Tochikura ◽  
Daisuke Sato ◽  
Daiki Imoto ◽  
Atsuo Nuruki ◽  
Koya Yamashiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Visual Information Processing ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Mobile Targets ◽  
Timing Task

Previous studies have reported that baseball players have higher than average visual information processing abilities and outstanding motor control. The speed and position of the baseball and the batter are constantly changing, leading skilled players to acquire highly accurate visual information processing and decision-making. This study sought to clarify how movement of the eyes is associated with baseball players’ higher coincident-timing task performance. We recruited 15 right-handed baseball players and 15 age-matched track and field athletes. On a computer-based coincident-timing task, we instructed participants to stop a computer image of a moving target by pressing a button at a designated point. We presented bidirectional moving targets with various velocities, presented in a random order. The targets’ moving angular velocity varied between 100, 83, 71, 63, 56, 50, and 46 deg/s. We conducted 168 repetitions (42 reps × 4 sets) of this coincident-timing task and measured participants’ eye movements during the task using Pupil Centre Corneal Reflection. Mixed-design analysis of variance results revealed participant group effects in favor of baseball players for timing absolute error and low absolute error, as predicted from prior visual processing and decision-making research with baseball players. However, in contrast to prior research, we found significantly shorter smooth-pursuit onset latency in elite baseball players, and there were no significant group differences for saccade onset and offset latencies. This may be explained by the difference in our research paradigm with mobile targets randomly presented at various velocities from the left and right. Our data showed baseball players’ higher than normal simultaneous timing execution for making decisions and movements based on visual information, even under laboratory conditions with randomly moving mobile targets.

Exploratory Hand Movements Enhance the Liking Effect in Haptics

Perception ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 850-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Mitsuda ◽  
Jiawei Luo ◽  
Qiyan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
Preference Judgment ◽  
The One

When people choose between two items, they usually look at them alternately before deciding. The frequency and duration of contact are usually determined unconsciously. However, in a previous study, looking at one item for longer than the other increased participants’ preference for the former, but only when they had to move their eyes to look at each item. This result implies that eye movements not only gather information but are also closely related to decision-making. By analogy, this study examines the relation between hand movements and haptic preference. When participants touched two handkerchiefs in a pre-determined order before choosing the one they preferred, the likelihood of choosing the more frequently touched handkerchief was greater than chance. Bias in the choice was greater with increased difference in the frequency of touching between the two handkerchiefs. It was also greater when participants moved their arm to touch the handkerchiefs, compared with when a machine carried the handkerchiefs to their hand. These results indicate that both the reaching movement for touching and the frequency of touching affect the preference judgment using haptics.

Cognitive load during route selection increases reliance on spatial heuristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1045-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tad T Brunyé ◽  
Shaina B Martis ◽  
Holly A Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Southern Route

Planning routes from maps involves perceiving the symbolic environment, identifying alternate routes and applying explicit strategies and implicit heuristics to select an option. Two implicit heuristics have received considerable attention, the southern route preference and initial segment strategy. This study tested a prediction from decision-making theory that increasing cognitive load during route planning will increase reliance on these heuristics. In two experiments, participants planned routes while under conditions of minimal (0-back) or high (2-back) working memory load. In Experiment 1, we examined how memory load impacts the southern route heuristic. In Experiment 2, we examined how memory load impacts the initial segment heuristic. Results replicated earlier results demonstrating a southern route preference (Experiment 1) and initial segment strategy (Experiment 2) and further demonstrated that evidence for heuristic reliance is more likely under conditions of concurrent working memory load. Furthermore, the extent to which participants maintained efficient route selection latencies in the 2-back condition predicted the magnitude of this effect. Together, results demonstrate that working memory load increases the application of heuristics during spatial decision making, particularly when participants attempt to maintain quick decisions while managing concurrent task demands.

Agent Reasoning Transparency’s Effect on Operator Workload

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia L. Wright ◽  
Jessie Y.C. Chen ◽  
Michael J. Barnes ◽  
Peter A. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Route Planning ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Workload Analysis ◽  
Ambiguous Information ◽  
Simulated Environment ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Performance Satisfaction ◽  
Transparency Condition ◽  
Operator Workload

We examined how varying the transparency of agent reasoning affected operator workload in a route selection task, and how the differing measures of workload compared in assessing and understanding cognitive workload. Participants guided a three-vehicle convoy safely through a simulated environment of which they had a limited amount of information, while maintaining communication with command and monitoring their surroundings for threats. The intelligent route-planning agent assessed potential threats and suggested changes to the convoy route as needed. Each participant was assigned to one of three agent reasoning transparency conditions. Contrary to our hypothesis, NASA-TLX Global workload measures indicated that workload decreased slightly as access to agent reasoning increased. However, psychophysical measures of workload disagreed with NASA-TLX global results. Comparison of individual NASA-TLX workload factors with the psychophysical measures indicated that performance satisfaction was highest in the intermediary transparency condition, and the addition of ambiguous information in the highest transparency condition increased effort and resulted in increased complacent behavior. Recommendations for future workload analysis are offered.

Voter Information Processing and Political Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Nai
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Political Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electoral Campaigns ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The One

Contemporary political information processing and the subsequent decision-making mechanisms are suboptimal. Average voters usually have but vague notions of politics and cannot be said to be motivated to invest considerable amount of times to make up their minds about political affairs; furthermore, political information is not only complex and virtually infinite but also often explicitly designed to deceive and persuade by triggering unconscious mechanisms in those exposed to it. In this context, how can voters sample, process, and transform the political information they receive into reliable political choices? Two broad set of dynamics are at play. On the one hand, individual differences determine how information is accessed and processed: different personality traits set incentives (and hurdles) for information processing, the availability of information heuristics and the motivation to treat complex information determine the preference between easy and good decisions, and partisan preferences establish boundaries for information processing and selective exposure. On the other hand, and beyond these individual differences, the content of political information available to citizens drives decision-making: the alleged “declining quality” of news information poses threats for comprehensive and systematic reasoning; excessive negativity in electoral campaigns drives cynicism (but also attention); and the use of emotional appeals increases information processing (anxiety), decreases interest and attention (rage), and strengthens the reliance on individual predispositions (enthusiasm). At the other end of the decisional process, the quality of the choices made (Was the decision supported by “ambivalent” opinions? And to what extent was the decision “correct”?) is equally hard to assess, and fundamental normative questions come into play.

scholarly journals Do People Exploit Risk–Reward Structures To Simplify Information Processing in Risky Choice?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Leuker ◽  
Thorsten Pachur ◽  
Ralph Hertwig ◽  
Timothy Joseph Pleskac
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Value Maximization ◽  
Environmental Property ◽  
Eye Fixations

The high rewards people desire are often unlikely. Here, we investigated whether decision makers exploit such ecological correlations between risks and rewards to simplify theirinformation processing. In a learning phase, participants were exposed to options in which risks and rewards were negatively correlated, positively correlated, or uncorrelated. In a subsequent risky choice task, where the emphasis was on making either a ’fast’ or the ’best’ possible choice, participants’ eye movements were tracked. The changes in the number, distribution, and direction of eye fixations in ’fast’ trials did not differ between the risk–reward conditions. In ’best’ trials, however, participants in the negatively correlated condition lowered their evidence threshold, responded faster, and deviated from expected value maximization more than in the other risk–reward conditions. The results underscore how conclusions about people’s cognitive processing in risky choice can depend on risk–reward structures, an often neglected environmental property.

scholarly journals Associative Relevance Based Eye Fixations Enhance Decision Making Processes in Scene Perception

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Gufran Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Cognitive Dynamics ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Business Applications ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Decision Making Processes

<p>Recent research studies on eye movements in area of information processing task, such as scene perception have magnificently advanced towards understandings of underlying visual perception mechanism and human cognitive dynamics. Besides, business applications of eye tracking are unceasingly revealing innovative trends based on pragmatic scenarios. In this study, we conducted a number of eye tracking experiments to establish our hypothesis that the eye fixations based on the associative relevance found within the contexts of scenes during scene perception significantly bettered the processes of decision-making. The collected eye movement data from participants who viewed artistic scenes discovered that the tracks of eye fixations traversed along the existing associative relevance among the elements of scenes for decision-making processes. These experimental evidences confirmed our hypothesis that the associative relevance based eye fixations enhanced decision-making processes in scene perception.</p>

scholarly journals Risk Management and Intelligence Management During Emergency

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-641
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Higashida ◽  
◽  
Yuji Maeda ◽  
Haruo Hayashi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Response Recovery ◽  
Response Information ◽  
Response Performance ◽  
Emergency Responses

In the 15 years since Kobe’s Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, awareness is growing that simply gathering information may not be enough for preparing systems, executing emergency responses, and making decisions rapidly and precisely. The question has become how - and whether - emergency response information can be used effectively and efficiently for rapid disaster response, recovery, and rebuilding. We analyzed emergency response decision making from the perspective of information processing, looking for the features organizations need to process information efficiently. We also propose how to continuously improve emergency response performance.

scholarly journals Digital Twin-Enabled Decision Support in Mission Engineering and Route Planning

Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Eugene Boon Kien Lee ◽  
Douglas L. Van Bossuyt ◽  
Jason F. Bickford
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Route Optimization ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Multiple Attribute

This article presents a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methodology for the development of a Digital Twin (DT) for an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) with the ability to demonstrate route selection capability with a Mission Engineering (ME) focus. It reviews the concept of ME and integrates ME with a MBSE framework for the development of the DT. The methodology is demonstrated through a case study where the UAS is deployed for a Last Mile Delivery (LMD) mission in a military context where adversaries are present, and a route optimization module recommends an optimal route to the user based on a variety of inputs including potential damage or destruction of the UAS by adversary action. The optimization module is based on Multiple Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) which analyzes predefined criteria which the user assessed would enable the successful conduct of the UAS mission. The article demonstrates that the methodology can execute a ME analysis for route selection to support a user’s decision-making process. The discussion section highlights the key MBSE artifacts and also highlights the benefits of the methodology which standardizes the decision-making process thereby reducing the negative impact of human factors which may deviate from the predefined criteria.

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