Voter Information Processing and Political Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Nai
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Political Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electoral Campaigns ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The One

Contemporary political information processing and the subsequent decision-making mechanisms are suboptimal. Average voters usually have but vague notions of politics and cannot be said to be motivated to invest considerable amount of times to make up their minds about political affairs; furthermore, political information is not only complex and virtually infinite but also often explicitly designed to deceive and persuade by triggering unconscious mechanisms in those exposed to it. In this context, how can voters sample, process, and transform the political information they receive into reliable political choices? Two broad set of dynamics are at play. On the one hand, individual differences determine how information is accessed and processed: different personality traits set incentives (and hurdles) for information processing, the availability of information heuristics and the motivation to treat complex information determine the preference between easy and good decisions, and partisan preferences establish boundaries for information processing and selective exposure. On the other hand, and beyond these individual differences, the content of political information available to citizens drives decision-making: the alleged “declining quality” of news information poses threats for comprehensive and systematic reasoning; excessive negativity in electoral campaigns drives cynicism (but also attention); and the use of emotional appeals increases information processing (anxiety), decreases interest and attention (rage), and strengthens the reliance on individual predispositions (enthusiasm). At the other end of the decisional process, the quality of the choices made (Was the decision supported by “ambivalent” opinions? And to what extent was the decision “correct”?) is equally hard to assess, and fundamental normative questions come into play.

Subject-Task Interaction in Selective Attention Research

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-262
Author(s):  
Steven Jay Gross ◽  
Samuel F. Moore ◽  
Stephen L. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Task Variables ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Two methods of investigating human information processing, the one focusing on the manipulation of experimental tasks and the other emphasizing individual differences, were compared. The design utilized the experimental tasks of Treisman and Riley (1969) while examining for individual differences on the basis of Witkin's field-articulation dimension. The findings of Treisman and Riley were replicated, while no differences were found among Ss categorized on the individual-difference dimension, suggesting that task variables were most important in performance requiring selective attention.

scholarly journals Decision Making with Dynamic Uncertain Events

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 233-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meir Kalech ◽  
Shulamit Reches
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Approximation Algorithms ◽  
Optimal Algorithm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Effective Algorithm ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

When to make a decision is a key question in decision making problems characterized by uncertainty. In this paper we deal with decision making in environments where information arrives dynamically. We address the tradeoff between waiting and stopping strategies. On the one hand, waiting to obtain more information reduces uncertainty, but it comes with a cost. Stopping and making a decision based on an expected utility reduces the cost of waiting, but the decision is based on uncertain information. We propose an optimal algorithm and two approximation algorithms. We prove that one approximation is optimistic - waits at least as long as the optimal algorithm, while the other is pessimistic - stops not later than the optimal algorithm. We evaluate our algorithms theoretically and empirically and show that the quality of the decision in both approximations is near-optimal and much faster than the optimal algorithm. Also, we can conclude from the experiments that the cost function is a key factor to chose the most effective algorithm.

scholarly journals Socio-Psychological Factors of a Personal Decision on Labor Migration

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
Personal Decision

The article deals with the problem of decision-making by an individual on labor migration. There was studied directly the phenomenon of labor migration, its features in the global and Ukrainian scale. The modality of influence on the development of the economy and public life of Ukraine is considered. There were outlined social and psychological factors influencing decision making. Among the factors, the crisis life situations of a person are highlighted, namely, an age crisis, a spiritual crisis, a biographical crisis. We also describe the life strategies by which a person is guided in his life. Such an important factor as the nervousness of the situation in which a person is found is considered. The levels of his stress resistance. The phenomenon of "decision" and the necessary conditions for its adoption are analyzed. There was theoretically substantiated the study of the effectiveness dependence in the decision-making process on social indicators and psychological criteria of the personality. The sample in the study consisted of 44 women who are citizens of Ukraine, 22 women of whom have work experience abroad, and the other half is considering this option and is in the process of forming and making an appropriate decision. As a result of empirical research, certain parameters of dependence were found by socio-psychological factors in decision-making. Considering the psychological aspect, there was found a relationship between the prevailing coping strategy that a person chooses to act in stressful situations and the general indicator of resilience - on the one hand, and the ability to make decisions - on the other. The result of our research is a developed program that helps women in overcoming internal obstacles on the way to improving the quality of their own life, because the ability to make decisions indicates the awareness of oneself as a subject of their own life about sufficient resilience.

scholarly journals PENGARUH INDEPENDENSI DAN KOMPETENSI AUDITOR TERHADAP KUALITAS AUDIT DALAM MENDETEKSI KECURANGAN DAN KEKELIRUAN PELAPORAN KEUANGAN (Studi Empiris Pada Auditor KAP Di Semarang)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
WAWAN - SETIAWAN ◽  
WILLYANTO KARTIKO KUSUMO
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Accounting ◽  
Financial Independence ◽  
Personal Stress ◽  
The One ◽  
Positive Effect

<p><em>Public Accounting Profession ( auditors ) are like " two eyes sword ", on the one hand the auditor must consider the credibility and ethics of the profession, but on the other hand also had to face the pressure of clients in a variety of decision-making auditors. If the auditor is not able to resist pressure from clients such as personal stress, emotional or the financial independence of auditors has been reduced and can affect the quality of the audit.</em><em> </em><em>This study aims to analyze the influence of empirical evidence and prove the experience, knowledge, long associated with the client, the pressure from the client, the auditor's study of colleagues ( peer review), and non-audit services provided by the Firm to audit quality. The samples are 79 respondents is 18 auditors contained in the firm in Semarang. As for answering the research hypotheses using multiple regression analysis, after testing the classical assumptions.</em><em> </em><em>Based on the results of this study concluded that the experience in performing the audit, the auditor's knowledge as well as a study of co-auditors (peer review) has a positive effect on audit quality. So the depth and breadth of knowledge of an auditor as well as more experience in auditing also the presence of a fellow peer auditors , the better the quality of audits conducted.</em></p>

scholarly journals Burnout in Professional Caregivers and Quality of Life in Institutionalized Center Residents

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Juan P. Martínez ◽  
Inmaculada Méndez ◽  
Esther Secanilla ◽  
Ana Benavente ◽  
Julia García Sevilla
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
The Other ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Professional Caregiver ◽  
The One ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Professional Accomplishment

Starting from previous studies in professional caregivers of people with dementia and other diseases in institutionalized centers of different regions, the aim of this study was to compare burnout levels that workers present depending on the center, to create a caregiver profile with high professional accomplishment and to describe the quality of life that residents perceive Murcia and Barcelona. The instruments used were the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the Professional Caregiver Survey developed ad hoc and the Brief Questionnaire of Quality of Life (CUBRECAVI in Spanish) on residents. The results show, on the one hand, that levels of professional accomplishment may be paradoxically higher in the case of catastrophe and, on the other hand, the 98.2% of users are satisfied with the residence in which is located and 81.8% with the manner in which occupy the time. The conclusions that are extrapolated from the study shed light on the current situation of workers and residents and the influence that an earthquake can have on them.

scholarly journals Theology at Thresholds: Learning from a Practice ‘In Transition’

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Muers ◽  
Rhiannon Grant
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Theological Ethics ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
Core Practices ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Collective Process ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

Recent developments in contemporary theology and theological ethics have directed academic attention to the interrelationships of theological claims, on the one hand, and core community-forming practices, on the other. This article considers the value for theology of attending to practice at the boundaries, the margins, or, as we prefer to express it, the threshold of a community’s institutional or liturgical life. We argue that marginal or threshold practices can offer insights into processes of theological change – and into the mediation between, and reciprocal influence of, ‘church’ and ‘world’. Our discussion focuses on an example from contemporary British Quakerism. ‘Threshing meetings’ are occasions at which an issue can be ‘threshed out’ as part of a collective process of decision-making. Drawing on a 2015 small-scale study (using a survey and focus group) of British Quaker attitudes to and experiences of threshing meetings, set in the wider context of Quaker tradition, we interpret these meetings as a space for working through – in context and over time – tensions within Quaker theology, practice and self-understandings, particularly those that emerge within, and in relation to, core practices of Quaker decision-making.

Lessing's Treatment of the Story of the Ring, and its Teaching

PMLA ◽  
1901 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
W. H. Carruth
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Outward Appearance ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Good Works ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Healing Power ◽  
Divine Origin ◽  
The One ◽  
Point Of Departure

In Westermann's Monatshefte for January, 1891, and later in his ‘Life of Lessing,‘ Professor Erich Schmidt has outlined the chief features of the history and transformations of the story of the three rings in Europe. On examination it will be found that all the versions of the story belong to one or the other of two types, which are represented by the two earliest forms of the story preserved to us. The oldest version, that of the Spanish Jew Salomo ben Verga, tells of two rings or jewels only, which were in outward appearance exactly alike, and there is no question of one being genuine and the other false, but only of the relative value of the two. In the absence of the father it is found impossible to decide the question, and thus the decision between Christianity and Judaism is simply avoided. In Li Dis dou vrai aniel, a French poem of the end of the twelfth century, three rings appear, and to the original or genuine ring is attributed a marvelous healing power by which it may be recognized, and following which a decision is arrived at among the three religions, in this case in favor of Christianity, although ther were not wanting later narrators so bold as to hint that the true ring was possessed by Judaism. The version of Etienne de Bourbon, the versions of the Cento Novelle, the three versions of the Gesta Romanorum, all belong to one or the other of two types. We may refer to these two types as the Spanish type and the French type. Those of the first type, to which belongs also the version of Boccaccio, the one from which Lessing took his point of departure, avoid a decision, implying that all religions are equally authoritative, but without inherent or inner evidence of their quality. Those of the second type, to which in many of its features Lessing's final version of the story is allied, lead to a decision, making religion of divine origin indeed, but supplying a test, that of good works, whereby the true religion may be recognized.

scholarly journals History teaching as a designed meaning-making process: Teacher facilitation of student–subject relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Eskelund Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pedagogical Strategies ◽  
Pedagogical Tool ◽  
History Teaching ◽  
Teaching Situation ◽  
Communicative Process ◽  
The One ◽  
Student Subject

This article is an empirical analysis of history teaching as a communicative process. Dialogic history teaching develops as a designed meaning-making process that depends on thorough pedagogical strategies and decisions, and requires cohesion in teacher expectations, introductions and interventions. A micro-dialogic study is presented in this article to document a paradoxical teaching situation where history as subject-related content all but disappeared from a group of students' meaning-making processes because they were preoccupied with figuring out their teacher's intentions. History teaching thus turned into 'just teaching' without the teacher or the students being aware of it. A strong emphasis on history teaching as a communicative process and dialogue as a key pedagogical tool have potential with regard to pedagogical decision-making and strategies on the one hand, and for relationships between students and history as subject-related content on the other. The analysis presented in this article contributes to a growing field of studies on dialogic history teaching, of which the focus on students as an important part of classroom dialogues is central.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal treatment of sprout-damaged grain: I. Effects on the technological quality of wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-253
Author(s):  
Christina Westermarck-Rosendahl ◽  
Hannu Salovaara
Keyword(s):  
Amylase Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Gluten Quality ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Technological Quality ◽  
The One ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Two sprout-damaged wheat lots with the falling number values of 91 and 65 were heat-treated by immersing the grain in water of temperatures of 80, 85, 90 and 100°C, followed by rapid chilling in water. The purpose of the treatment was to suppress the excess a-amylase activity in the outer layers of the kernels. The a-amylase activity following the treatment was measured by the falling number test. The increase in the falling number value was the greater the longer the treatment lasted and the higher the water temperature was. Processing lasting 30 sec at 80, 85, 90 and 100°C increased the falling number value of the one lot from 91 to 105, 117, 133 and 238 and of the other lot from 65 to 69, 70, 98, 163, respectively. As the falling numbers increased the wet gluten content of the samples decreased. These changes had a negative correlation. The gluten quality showed heat damage when the amount of gluten had dropped by about 5 and 2 precentage units in the lots with the falling numbers 91 and 65, respectively. This occurred at processing of the lot of better quality for 70, 20, 13 and 6 sec in the order of increasing temperature. The corresponding durations for the other lot were above 60, 30, 20 and 6 sec. During these treatments the falling number values rose from 91 to 104—129 and from 65 to 70—71. These results were confirmed by farinogram and extensigram determinations and by baking tests. The same processing conditions affected more severely the lot having the better initial quality than the lot with greater sprout damages.

scholarly journals The Management Mode and Personnel Quality of International Students Management in Colleges and Universities

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Yuhong Chen ◽  
Xiaozhuo Huo ◽  
Nannan Chen
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Mode ◽  
Internationalization Of Education ◽  
Major Trend ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One

<p>The education system of colleges and universities is in the process of reform, and the internationalization of education has become a major trend of development. The number of foreign students is increasing, so the management of foreign students must be reformed. According to the current situation, in the management of foreign students, on the one hand, we should carry out a new management mode for foreign students in accordance with the requirements of the times; on the other hand, we should pay attention to improving the comprehensive quality of foreign students and those who stay in China.</p>

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