scholarly journals Understanding Constraints and Enablers of Turnaround Time for Ethics Review: The Case of Institutional Review Boards in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
pp. 155626462110268
Author(s):  
Mwifadhi Mrisho ◽  
Zaynab Essack
Keyword(s):  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Electronic Submission ◽  
Ethics Review ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Review Boards

Background. Independent ethics review of research is required prior to the implementation of all health research involving human participants. However, ethics review processes are challenged by protracted turnaround times, which may negatively impact the implementation of socially valuable research. Previous research has documented delays in ethics review in developed and developing countries. This study aimed to determine the extent of variability in turnaround times for protocol review among different institutional review boards (IRBs) within Tanzania. Methods. This descriptive cross-sectional study employed a mixed-method approach, with qualitative and quantitative components. Seven IRBs were purposively sampled from the 15 accredited IRBs operational in Tanzania during the study period, April 2017–April 2018. Quantitative data were analysed using STATA software and qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results. The median time for review across all IRBs was 32 days, with a range of 1–396 days. Qualitative results identified five key themes related to turnaround time from interviews with participants. These included: (1) procedures for receiving and distribution of protocols, (2) number of reviewers assigned to protocols, (3) duration of reviewing protocols, (4) reasons for delayed feedback, and (5) training of research ethics committee members. Conclusion. The study showed that the median days for ethical approval in Tanzania was 32 days. We observed from this study that electronic submission systems facilitated faster turnaround times. Failure to adhere to the submission checklists and guidelines was a major obstacle to the turnaround time.

scholarly journals Vision Payment Claims Analyses with Health Insurance

CommonHealth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Aaron Houston MPH ◽  
Joseph Ruskiwewicz ◽  
John Gaal MHA ◽  
Chaitali Baviskar MHSA ◽  
Atiya Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Insurance Type ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Out Of Pocket Expenses

 The purpose of  this study was to identify associations between insurance type and costs and to investigate specified variables’ influence on individuals’ access to adequate coverage. This was a cross sectional study, using secondary data analyses. The study was completed at The Eye Institute (TEI) East Oak Lane Campus in Philadelphia, PA. The study population was all patients seen at TEI East Oak Lane Campus, specifically patients seen at TEI clinic from January 1st, 2019, - to December 31st, 2019, whose encounter generated an insurance claim (n=68,484). The exposure was insurance type and outcomes were patient total amount, billed amount, and pay amount by patient. Data analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.4. In all statistical analyses, p-values were one-sided and considered statistically significant if 0.05 or lower. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Salus University. The sample represented an older population with an average age of about 55. There was a significant association found between financial class with patient total amount (p<0.0001), billed amount(p<0.0001), and pay amount (p<0.0001). People with managed PPO pay the least, while those on Medicaid and workers compensation pay the most out of pocket. The two Philadelphia zip codes which pay the most out of pocket have two of the lowest average household incomes in the Greater Philadelphia area. Insurance type and out of pocket expenses potentially have a negative effect on patient vision health and affordability of care as well as access to care. These findings contribute to the identification of variables that influence individual’s healthcare accessibility and evidence for opportunities to improve insurance coverage.            

scholarly journals Immediate acupuncture with GB34 for biliary colic: protocol for a randomised controlled neuroimaging trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e050413
Author(s):  
Ning Sun ◽  
Dong-Mei He ◽  
Xiangyin Ye ◽  
Lei Bin ◽  
Yuanfang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Gallstone Disease ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Acupuncture Group ◽  
Biliary Colic ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Review Boards

IntroductionAs the main manifestation of gallstone disease, biliary colic (BC) is an episodic attack that brings patients severe pain in the right upper abdominal quadrant. Although acupuncture has been documented with significance to lead to pain relief, the immediate analgesia of acupuncture for BC still needs to be verified, and the underlying mechanism has yet to be covered. Therefore, this trial aims first to verify the immediate pain-alleviation characteristic of acupuncture for BC, then to explore its influence on the peripheral sensitised acupoint and central brain activity.Methods and analysisThis is a randomised controlled, paralleled clinical trial, with patients and outcome assessors blinded. Seventy-two patients with gallbladder stone disease presenting with BC will be randomised into a verum acupuncture group and the sham acupuncture group. Both groups will receive one session of immediate acupuncture treatment. Improvements in patients’ BC will be evaluated by the Numeric Rating Scale, and the pain threshold of acupoints will also be detected before and after treatment. During treatment, brain neural activity will be monitored with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and the needle sensation will be rated. Clinical and fNIRS data will be analysed, respectively, to validate the acupuncture effect, and correlation analysis will be conducted to investigate the relationship between pain relief and peripheral–cerebral functional changes.Ethics and disseminationThis trial has been approved by the institutional review boards and ethics committees of the First Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, with the ethical approval identifier 2019 KL-029, and the institutional review boards and ethics committees of the First People’s Hospital of Longquanyi District, with the ethical approval identifier AF-KY-2020071. The results of this trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference abstracts or posters.Trial registration numberCTR2000034432.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Sarcopenia Among Elderly With Diabetes in Japan and Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 177-178
Author(s):  
Yuko Yamaguchi ◽  
Chieko Greiner ◽  
Hirochika Ryuno ◽  
Pi-Hsia Lee ◽  
Hsin-Yen Yen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Medical University

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and its associated risk factors among elderly with diabetes in Japan and Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted through convenience sampling. This study was approved by the institutional review boards of Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences (No. 543) and Taipei Medical University (No. N201905065). Of the 114 Japanese participants (24.9% females) and 226 Taiwanese participants (75.1% females), the mean age were 73.7±6.9 years and 74.2±6.6 years, respectively. Sarcopenia was found in 10.6% in Japan and 11.1% in Taiwan with no significant difference between both countries. Older age, poor relationships with neighbors, and poor consciousness for health management were significantly associated with sarcopenia in both countries. Additionally, Japanese participants with sarcopenia had significantly longer duration of diabetes, higher level of emotional distress assessed by the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) scale, and lower level of total protein, but no significant differences were shown in Taiwanese participants. Binomial logistic regression analyses were performed to detect risk factors related to sarcopenia. After adjusting for age, sarcopenia was found to be significantly associated with poor consciousness for health management in Japanese participants (OR:0.12 P=0.02) and significantly associated with poor relationships with neighbors and poor consciousness for health management in Taiwanese participants (OR:0.18 P=0.008 and OR:0.45 P=0.04, respectively). These findings are expected to contribute to the development of effective strategies for preventing sarcopenia among elderly with diabetes in Japan and Taiwan.

scholarly journals Practice of Breastfeeding and its Barriers among Women Working in Tertiary Level Hospitals

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (215) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukta Singh Bhandari ◽  
Pratibha Manandhar ◽  
Dipesh Tamrakar
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tertiary Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

Introduction: Breastfeeding provides ideal food for newborns and prevents recurrent infection and malnutrition in infants. In Nepal, breastfeeding is a universal practice but exclusive breastfeeding is low. As there is increased involvement of women in workforce, practice of breastfeeding may have been compromised. The main objective of the study was to examine the practice and barriers of breastfeeding among women working in tertiary level hospitals of Nepal. Methods: This was a hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study. Study participants were wom- en working in Dhulikhel Hospital and Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital and was conducted from December 2017 to June 2018. Ethical approval was taken from institutional review committee of both institutions. Total of 208 women were included in the study and face to face interview was conducted. Data entry and analysis was done using statistical package of social sciences (SPSS).Results: Breastfeeding practice was universal and colostrum was fed by 195 (94%) women. Pre- lacteal feeding was given by 14 (7%) women and 119 (57%) initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth. Total of 93 (45%) children were exclusively breastfed for any duration while 10 (11%) were exclusively breastfed for six months. The mean duration of breastfeeding was 14.57 months and 90 (43%) started complementary feeding before six months. Total of 97 (51%) women and 42 (47%) women stated work as barrier for not exclusively breastfeeding and early complementary feeding respectively. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding was very low and children were breastfed for less than two years. Complementary feeding was also started earlier and work was stated as the main barrier for poor breastfeeding practice. Keywords: breastfeeding; complementary feeding; working women.

scholarly journals Higher Termination of Brachial Artery in Cadavers in the Department of Anatomy of a Medical College: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (240) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanzida Khatun ◽  
Diwakar Kumar Shah
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Brachial Artery ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Reference Number ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Usual Site

Introduction: The main blood supply for arm is provided by the brachial artery. It shows variation in branching and termination patterns in some individuals. Variation in brachial artery may cause difficulties during various clinical and surgical procedures. The present study aims to find out the prevalence of higher termination of brachial artery in cadavers in the department of anatomy of a medical college. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from 10th January 2020 to 20th April 2021 after the ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of Nobel Medical College (reference number: IRC-NMCTH 280/2020). The study was done in 58 upper limbs of 29 properly embalmed cadavers. Convenient sampling was done. They were carefully dissected. The level of termination of brachial artery was noted. The length of the brachial artery and the distance between its termination and the intercondylar line of humerus was recorded. Results: Higher termination of brachial artery was observed in 3 (5.17%) extremities; one (1.72%) at middle third of arm and two (3.45%) at lower third of arm. In 52 (89.66%) extremities, the site of termination was at the level of neck of radius. The brachial artery terminated a few centimeters below its usual site at the level of upper part of shaft of the radius in 3 (5.17%) extremities. Conclusions: The prevalence of higher termination of brachial artery in cadavers is slightly lower than the studies performed in similar settings. It is not an uncommon finding. It may have impact on clinical and surgical procedures.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Selected Non-Metric Dental Traits in Indo-Nepalese and Tibeto-Nepalese Ethnic Groups of Western Hilly Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (219) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Sah ◽  
Santosh Kandel ◽  
Raju Shrestha ◽  
Alok Atreya
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Review Committee ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Dental Traits

Introduction: Additional anatomic features present on teeth are called non-metric dental traits. Carabelli’s cusp and shovelling are such traits which are mostly evaluated for identification of ethnicity. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of Carabelli’s cusp and shovelling among Indo-Nepalese and Tibeto-Nepalese ethnic group. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary hospital from March 22 to June 22 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from the institutional review committee. The study was conducted among 274 patients and convenient sampling method was applied. Data were analyzed by the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. Results: Among 274 cases, 153 (55.84%) cases were Indo-Nepalese and 121 (44.16%) were TibetoNepalese. Carabelli’s cusp (16/26) was noticed in 87 (56.86%) of Indo-Nepalese and 45 (37.19%) of Tibeto-Nepalese. Shovelling (11, 12, 21, 22) was present in 47 (30.71%) Indo-Nepalese and 79 (65.28%) of Tibeto-Nepalese. Further, Carabelli’s cusp (16/26) was found in 77 (53.10%) females and 55 (55.12%) males. Shovelling was present in 75 (51.72%) females and 51 (39.53%) males. Bilateralism with respect to Carabelli’s cusp was present in 82 (62.2%) cases. Presence of bilateral shovelling on upper central incisors and lateral central incisors were among 117 (94.35%) and 56 (91.80%) respectively. Conclusions: Carabelli’s cusps are frequently found in Indo-Nepalese ethnic group and shovelling of teeth most commonly present in Tibeto-Nepalese population. Further, bilaterism for shovelling of teeth is more common than bilaterism for cusp of Carabelli.

scholarly journals Adaptation Of Oral Hygiene Habits In Dental Professionals: A Kap Study

Esculapio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (03, july 2020-Septmber 2020) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan William ◽  
Deema Munir ◽  
Rabia Arshad ◽  
Shazel William
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Mouth Wash ◽  
Dental Professionals

Objective: The present survey was carried out to assess the practice and perception of dental professionals towards their own dental care. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried from May 2019 to April 2020, in Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi. Ethical approval was obtained from institutional review board. A self- administered questionnaire was developed comprising of 20 questions among the dental personnel (Staff and BDS students) of Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine Karachi, Pakistan, to assess their practice and care, regarding their own oral hygiene. Responses were collected through both, the hard copy and an online google form link. Data was evaluated for 176 complete forms. For all the asked questions, a comparison was also made between male and female candidates, and between their academic levels. For all the variable as categorical values, percentages were tabulated using SPSS 21. Results: The results indicated that not all the dental professionals had their same practice to maintain oral hygiene. Not all of them were following the proper theoretical knowledge. From their choices of toothpastes to their habits of flossing and using additional aids for maintaining oral hygiene, majority factors varied individually in spite of the fact that there is well-awareness of consequences of negligence. Conclusion: It was found that not all the dental practitioners follow the proper guidelines to maintain oral hygiene, and not all of them follow the instructions they give to their patients. Key Words: Oral Hygiene, Dental Professionals, Tooth Paste, Mouth Wash, Dentistry, Oral Hygiene Maintenance, Dental practitioners.

Comparison of gingival biotype in smokeless tobacco users (Gutka and Paan) and non-tobacco users

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Prena Moorpani ◽  
Fazal Ur Rehman Qazi ◽  
Shahbaz Ahmed Jat ◽  
Hira Akhtar ◽  
Munazza Aziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Gingival Biotype

Abstract Objective: To assess the gingival biotypes in smokeless tobacco (Gutka and Paan) users and compare it with non-tobacco users in Karachi sub-population using trans-gingival probing method (TRAN). Methods: This in-vivo, cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Operative Dentistry from 20th February 2019 to 25th June 2019 Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional review board of DUHS (Ref: IRB-1207/DUHS/Approval/2019/21). A total of 70 participants, 35 subjects currently using smokeless tobacco (Gutka and Paan) and 35 non-tobacco users from both genders were included in the study after taking informed consent. Gingival biotype was recorded using probe transparency method. Probing of the gingival sulcus was performed at the mid-buccal aspect of both maxillary incisors. Depending on the visibility of the underlying probe gingiva was categorized as thin or thick. Results: Statistically significant differences in gingival biotype was observed of both groups (p=0.005). Males were recorded with a higher percentage of thick gingiva in both groups (81% in smokeless tobacco and 65% in non-tobacco) while in females thick gingiva was more prevalent in smokeless tobacco group (85.7%) whereas thin gingiva was noted in non-tobacco group (66.7%); although the results between genders was statistically insignificant. The comparison between different age groups, genders and both groups was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Significant difference was observed between gingival biotype of smokeless tobacco and non-tobacco user groups. No statistically significant results were observed between genders and age groups. Keywords: Gingival biotype, smokeless tobacco, Continuous...

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