scholarly journals Social Researchers’ Approaches to Research Ethics During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 155626462110550
Author(s):  
Adrianna Surmiak ◽  
Beata Bielska ◽  
Katarzyna Kalinowska
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
New Situation

The global COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine/distancing measures have forced researchers to cope with a new situation. This paper aimed to analyze how the pandemic and its associated constraints have affected social researchers’ approach to research ethics. Drawing on an online qualitative survey with 193 Polish social researchers conducted in April and May 2020, we distinguished three approaches: nothing has changed, opportunity-oriented, and precautionary. According to the first, the pandemic was not regarded as a situation that required additional reflection on ethical issues or changes in research approaches. By contrast, the other two were based on the assumption that the pandemic affected research project ethics. The difference was in the assessment of changes in the area of ethics. The pandemic presented an opportunity and a threat to the ethicality of research, respectively. We discuss the implications of all three approaches for research and education.

scholarly journals ‘You're in Cruel England Now!’: Teaching Research Ethics through Reality Television

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viv Burr ◽  
Nigel King
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Reality Television ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Big Brother ◽  
Teaching Research ◽  
Qualitative Work ◽  
One Year ◽  
Familiar Material

This article reports findings from a one-year research project funded by the Higher Education Academy (HEA) Psychology Network. The research aimed to explore the use of ‘reality’ television in teaching research ethics to psychology undergraduates and this article reports on those findings that have particular relevance for qualitative research methods. Experience of teaching research ethics suggests that students can find the process of thinking through ethical issues in qualitative work quite challenging. Ethical issues in qualitative research can be subtly different from, or more complex than, those raised by quantitative studies, and yet most textbooks that deal with research ethics tend to focus on the latter. This article presents findings from a research project by the authors, which suggest that using familiar material such as TV programmes, and in particular ‘reality’ TV, can be effective in helping students address ethical issues in qualitative research. Fifteen second-year psychology undergraduates were shown an extract from an episode of Big Brother (Channel 4). They were then asked to discuss in small groups the ethical issues they felt it raised, and these discussions were audio-recorded. Subsequently, they were asked to apply their thinking to a research brief by discussing the ethical issues it raised, suggesting ideas for design and then writing a research proposal. This article reports findings from the first stage of the project. It presents evidence from the discussion groups indicating that the TV material had promoted an in-depth consideration of some ethical issues that can be challenging for students to address in relation to qualitative work, notably informed consent, confidentiality and risk of harm.

Recent Political Developments: Progress or Change?

1924 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Harry A. Garfield
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Situation ◽  
Civilized World ◽  
New Devices

It used to be said by a certain learned professor opposed to departure from old and familiar paths, “Gentlemen, all progress is change, but not all change is progress.”In every department of human affairs, in every quarter of the civilized world, the contrast between conditions in the late eighties and the present time is amazing—not conditions only but the difference in attitudes, in beliefs, in human relations. We may well ask ourselves, Whither? Certainly it is incumbent upon us to consider the character of these changes—whether they are making for progress—and what steps we are taking or can take to meet them. I ask you to consider with me two aspects of this question, one affecting industrial and the other international relations. In each case the proposals heretofore offered to meet the situation appear to fall into one of two categories, the first mechanistic, the second educative; the first, an attempt to meet a new situation by introducing new devices of control; the second by a process of education to modify or change men's attitude and belief.

The ethics of facing the Other in suicide

2021 ◽  
pp. 136345932110616
Author(s):  
Katrina Jaworski
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Judith Butler ◽  
The Other ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Queer Youth ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Human Ethics

Despite a plethora of existing literature on the topic of suicide, very little attention has been given to research ethics in practice in research on suicide. When suicide research does pay attention to the ethical issues researchers are likely to face, the focus is on the roles institutional human ethics review committees fulfil to ensure ethical conduct in all stages of research. In response to this problem, this article focuses on the philosophical relationship between qualitative methodology and research ethics in the context of researching queer youth suicide. In so doing, I draw on my experiences of interviewing gender-and sexually diverse young people about their familiarity with suicide. These experiences are based on a qualitative pilot study I conducted on queer youth suicide, which used the unstructured interview technique to collect data. Drawing on the works of Emmanuel Levinas and Judith Butler, I examine what it means to face the alterity of the suicidal ‘Other’, and what this facing entails in terms of research ethics as relational. I argue that facing reveals not only myself as more vulnerable than I anticipated, but also the suicidal ‘Other’ as agentic instead of only vulnerable and at-risk of suicide.

scholarly journals Research Ethics and the Governance of Research Projects: The Potential of Internet Home Pages

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyn Denscombe
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Home Pages ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Research Protocols ◽  
On Line

This paper explores the potential of research project Home Pages in relation to the growing need for good governance of research projects. In particular, the paper considers the benefits such web pages might have in terms of research ethics and argues that research project Home Pages can provide a very straightforward, practical means of addressing a number of ethical issues related to both on-line and off-line research. Limitations to the use of research project Home Pages are also discussed and conclusions are drawn about the value of establishing appropriately designed research project Home Pages as an integral component of social research protocols.

Nurse’s perception on birth squatting

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Francine Pereira Andrade ◽  
Francisca Dias de Oliveira de Almeida ◽  
Adrize Rutz Porto ◽  
Maira Buss Thofehrn
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
National Health ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Natural Childbirth

ABSTRACTObjective: to know the nurse’s perception on birth squatting. Methodology: this is about a descriptive and exploratory study, from qualitative approach in which participated four nurses of a hospital in Porto Alegre/RS. Interviews were semi-structured. After collecting the data were analyzed by subject, from which emerged the following themes: knowledge about the birth squatting and investigation of the physiological delivery vertical to horizontal. The survey was conducted in 2004, implementing to the Ethical Principles in accordance with Resolution 196/96 of the National Health and with Research Ethics Committee of the institution under study, in which the research project was approved in its respective protocol number 064/04. Results: it was noted that half of the respondents showed an interest in working with birth squatting because this mode allows a woman to be the center of the parturition process, since it's the same person driving the delivery, identifying the movements and know what the best position. Conclusion: it was also found that all subjects have little experience with birth squatting. Therefore, it is believed that health professionals should give the mothers the freedom to choose the position that suit every moment of his birth. Descriptors: nursing; natural childbirth; humanizing delivery; nurse's role.RESUMOObjetivo: conhecer a percepção do enfermeiro acerca do parto de cócoras. Metodologia: estudo descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, no qual participaram quatro enfermeiras de um hospital em Porto Alegre/RS. Utilizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas. Após a coleta os dados foram tratados por análise temática, da qual emergiram os seguintes temas: conhecimento acerca do parto de cócoras e averiguação do processo fisiológico do parto vertical em relação ao horizontal. Foram cumpridos os Princípios Éticos de acordo com a Resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde e com o Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição em estudo, no qual o projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado sob o respectivo número de protocolo 064/04. Resultados: percebeu-se que metade das entrevistadas revelou ter interesse em trabalhar com o parto de cócoras porque esta modalidade permite que a mulher seja o centro do processo de parturição, pois, é a mesma quem conduz o parto, identifica os movimentos e sabe qual a melhor posição. Conclusão: constatou-se que todos os sujeitos têm pouca experiência com parto de cócoras. Portanto, acredita-se que os profissionais de saúde, devem proporcionar as parturientes à liberdade de escolher a posição que convêm a cada momento do seu parto. Descritores: enfermagem; parto normal; parto humanizado; papel do profissional de enfermagem. RESUMENObjetivo: conocer la percepcione de lo enfermero sobre el parto en cuclillas. Metodología: estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, en la que participaron cuatro enfermeras de un hospital en Porto Alegre - RS. Las entrevistas fueron semi-estructuradas. Después de recoger los datos se analizaron por temas, de la que surgieron los siguientes: conocimientos sobre el parto en cuclillas y la investigación de la entrega fisiológica vertical a horizontal. Se cumple con los principios éticos de acuerdo con la Resolución 196/96 del Consejo Nacional de Salud y con el Comité de Ética en la Investigación de la institución en estudio, en el que se aprobó el proyecto de investigación bajo el respectivo número de protocolo 064/04. Resultados: se observó que la mitad de los encuestados mostró su interés en trabajar con el parto en cuclillas, porque de este modo permite a la mujer a ser el centro del proceso de parto, ya que es la misma persona la conducción de la entrega, la identificación de los movimientos y saber cuál es la mejor posición. Conclusión: también se constató que todos los sujetos tienen poca experiencia con la usurpación de nacimiento. Por lo tanto, se cree que los profesionales de la salud deben dar a las madres la libertad de elegir la posición que cada momento demanda de su parto. Descriptores: enfermería; parto normal; parto humanizado; rol de la enfermera. 

scholarly journals Governance frameworks for COVID-19 research ethics review and oversight in Latin America: an exploratory study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Palmero ◽  
Sarah Carracedo ◽  
Noelia Cabrera ◽  
Alahí Bianchini
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Ethics Review ◽  
Operational Guidance

Abstract Background Research has been an essential part of the COVID-19 pandemic response, including in Latin American (LA) countries. However, implementing research in emergency settings poses the challenge of producing valuable knowledge rapidly while upholding research ethical standards. Research ethics committees (RECs) therefore must conduct timely and rigorous ethics reviews and oversight of COVID-19 research. In the LA region, there is limited knowledge on how countries have responded to this need. To address this gap, the objective of our project is to explore if LA countries developed policies to streamline ethics review and oversight of research in response to the pandemic while ensuring its adherence to ethical standards, and to analyze to what extent these governance frameworks are in accordance with international guidance. Methods We conducted a descriptive and exploratory study assessing the COVID-19 research ethics governance frameworks of 19 LA countries, considering 4 dimensions based on international COVID-19 ethics guidance documents: (i) ethics review organizational model adopted, (ii) measures to coordinate between RECs and other research stakeholders, (iii) operational guidance for RECs, and (iv) key ethical issues for review and oversight of COVID-19 research. Results 10 out of 19 LA countries have some policy to streamline ethics review of COVID-19 research. Of these countries only 6 issued comprehensive documents following international guidance that contemplate strategies with recommendations for concrete actions for a timely and rigorous review. Conclusion LA countries adopted partial strategies and operational guidance that may demonstrate a lack of a comprehensive view of research ethics for the review and oversight of COVID-19 research. Continuing efforts should be directed to strengthen LA countries' research capacity to respond timely and ethically to future health emergencies. Past lessons and the ones from this pandemic should be the basis to develop international standards and operational guidelines for ethics review and oversight of any research for public health emergencies.

scholarly journals Governance Frameworks for COVID-19 Research Ethics Review and Oversight in Latin America: An Exploratory Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Palmero ◽  
Sarah Carracedo ◽  
Noelia Cabrera ◽  
Alahí Bianchini
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Ethics Review ◽  
Operational Guidance

Abstract Background Research has been an essential part of the COVID-19 pandemic response, including in Latin American (LA) countries. However, implementing research in emergency settings poses the challenge of producing valuable knowledge rapidly while upholding research ethical standards. Research ethics committees (RECs) therefore must conduct timely and rigorous ethics reviews and oversight of COVID-19 research. In the LA region, there is limited knowledge on how countries have responded to this need. To address this gap, the objective of our project is to explore if LA countries developed policies to streamline ethics review and oversight of research in response to the pandemic while ensuring its adherence to ethical standards, and to analyze to what extent these governance frameworks are in accordance with international guidance.Methods We conducted a descriptive and exploratory study assessing the COVID-19 research ethics governance frameworks of 19 LA countries, considering 4 dimensions based on international COVID-19 ethics guidance documents: (i) ethics review organizational model adopted, (ii) measures to coordinate between RECs and other research stakeholders, (iii) operational guidance for RECs, and (iv) key ethical issues for review and oversight of COVID-19 research.Results 10 out of 19 LA countries have some policy to streamline ethics review of COVID-19 research. Of these countries only 6 issued comprehensive documents following international guidance that contemplated strategies with recommendations for concrete actions for a timely and rigorous review.ConclusionLA countries adopted partial strategies and operational guidance that may demonstrate a lack of a comprehensive view of research ethics for the review and oversight of COVID-19 research. Continuing efforts should be directed to strengthen LA countries' research capacity to respond timely and ethically to future health emergencies. Past lessons and the ones from this pandemic should be the basis to develop international standards and operational guidelines for ethics review and oversight of any research for public health emergencies of international concern.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

Energy Approximation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Isett
Keyword(s):  
Main Lemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Continuous Solutions ◽  
Material Derivative ◽  
Energy Variation ◽  
Energy Approximation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Derivatives Of

This chapter presents the equations and calculations for energy approximation. It establishes the estimates (261) and (262) of the Main Lemma (10.1) for continuous solutions; these estimates state that we are able to accurately prescribe the energy that the correction adds to the solution, as well as bound the difference between the time derivatives of these two quantities. The chapter also introduces the proposition for prescribing energy, followed by the relevant computations. Each integral contributing to the other term can be estimated. Another proposition for estimating control over the rate of energy variation is given. Finally, the coarse scale material derivative is considered.

Pengaruh Unsur Budaya Lokal dalam Ungkapan Berbahasa Perancis

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Vincentia Tri Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Minimal Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Words

AbstrakFolklor yang menghasilkan tradisi lisan merupakan perwujudan budaya yang lahirdari pengalaman kelompok masyarakat. Salah satu bentuk tradisi lisan adalah ungkapan yangmengandung unsur budaya lokal dalam konstruksinya yang tidak dimiliki budaya lainnya.Ungkapan idiomatis memberikan warna pada bahasa melalui penggambaran mental. Dalambahasa Perancis, ungkapan dapat berupa locution dan expression. Perbedaan motif acuansuatu ungkapan dapat terlihat dari pengaruh budaya masyarakat pengguna bahasa. Sebuahleksem tidak selalu didefinisikan melalui unsur minimal, tidak juga melalui kata-kata,baik kata dasar atau kata kompleks, namun dapat melalui kata-kata beku yang maknanyatetap. Hubungan analogis dari makna tambahan yang ada pada suatu leksem muncul dariidentifikasi semem yang sama. Semem tersebut mengarah pada term yang diasosiasikan danyang diperkaya melalui konteks (dalam ungkapan berhubungan dengan konteks budaya).Kata kunci: folklor, ungkapan, struktur, makna idiomatis, kebudayaanAbstractFolklore which produces the oral tradition is a cultural manifestation born out theexperience of community groups. One form of the oral tradition is a phrase that containsthe elements of local culture in its construction that is not owned the other culture. Theidiomatic phrase gives the color to the language through the mental representation. InFrench, the expression can consist of locution and expression. The difference motivesreference of an expression can be seen from the influence of the cultural community thelanguage users. A lexeme is not always defined through a minimal element, nor throughwords, either basic or complex words, but can be through the frost words whose meaningsare fixed. The analogical connection of the additional meanings is on a lexeme arises fromthe identification of the same meaning. The meaning ‘semem’ leads to the associated termsand which are enriched through the context (in idiom related to the cultural context).Keywords : folklore, idioms, structure, idiom meaning, cultureI PENDAHULUAN

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