Generic drugs in the Middle East: A case study in Sulaimani City, Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 174113432091575
Author(s):  
Ramazan Uctu
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Regional Demand ◽  
Access To Essential Medicines

In the less developed countries, most people do not have sufficient access to essential medicines. Generic medicines play an important role in increasing access to essential medical products, since they can be 20–90% cheaper than their branded equivalents. Generic medicines are therefore a key element to consider in many countries’ health policies and systems. The increasing global and regional demand for generics, driven by government policies and cost-effective strategies, create a significant opportunity for generic manufacturers around the world. This case study seeks to analyse the use of generic drugs in the Middle East and in so doing also unveil the nature of the generic drugs market in the Middle East, and specifically Iraq.

Sustainability Study of In-situ Hydroponic Vetiver System for Urban Wastewater Management in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Kaushik Ghosh ◽  
Arup Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

Urban wastewater management is a crucial challenge in the small and medium towns situated in the developing countries worldwide. These towns are also facing an increasing gap between infrastructure and population growth. A conventional approach to curb these problems is the application of cost-intensive electro-mechanical sewerage technologies, as adopted in developed countries. The first part of this paper derives a set of indicators to framework a sustainable urban wastewater treatment system by reviewing the current state of wastewater management in developing countries, for example, the sample case study being India. The second part evaluates the potential performance of the proposed alternative in-situ hydroponic vetiver system (HVS) against those set of sustainability indicators by reviewing the worldwide performance of the HVS. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential viability of the HVS as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for developing countries. The current analysis can aid in mainstreaming the use of HVS in policy making and urban planning.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding generic medicines and its usage: a community-based study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirthinath Ballala ◽  
Chythra R. Rao ◽  
Aparna S. Chaudhary ◽  
Ashwini S. Bidnurmath ◽  
Akhilesh K. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Community Outreach ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
The Government

Background: India is the largest provider of generic medications globally. Despite this, several essential medicines remain inaccessible to majority of the general population, due to poor awareness, unavailability of drugs, distrust about the quality of the medicines, poor policy implementation and inadequate recommendation by doctors.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 1151 adults in rural and urban areas attached to the community outreach area of a University Medical College. Written informed consent was taken from the participants. Data was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured online questionnaire and analysed using SPSS 15.0.Results: Knowledge regarding generic medicines was found to be low among the surveyed population (666, 57.9%), irrespective of their socio-economic status, education, occupation, place of residence or presence of chronic illnesses. As the knowledge was poor, participants were briefed about the generic medicines and their benefits. Thereafter, the attitude was assessed and found to be favourable among more than half (633, 55.0%) of the surveyed population. The usage of Generic medicines was found to be poor among the respondents. Only 53 (4.6%) of the total study population had switched from branded to generic medicines in the past six months as generic medicines were less expensive compared to their branded counterparts.Conclusions: The awareness about generic drugs and its usage was poor in the surveyed population. A favourable attitude towards generic drugs was achieved by educating the people about their similarity to branded medications. Therefore, there is a need to educate people not only about the quality, safety and efficacy of the generic medicines but also about the government initiatives like the Jan Aushadhi scheme. 

scholarly journals Traditional medicines: bridging the gaps for a better future

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Grundmann
Keyword(s):  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Child Weight ◽  
Millenium Development Goals ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Access To Essential Medicines ◽  
Global Initiative

The use of traditional medicines has provided a crucial support and health system to millions of people around the globe for centuries past and this continues to the present day. In some countries, less than 20% of the population has access to basic generic medicines or healthcare. This highlights the need for a global initiative, such as the World Health Organization’s Millenium Development Goals. This includes fighting child weight deficit, providing access to essential medicines, and treating diseases that significantly impact the health of the community, such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, malaria, and tuberculosis.

Think Globally, Prescribe Locally: How Rational Pharmaceutical Policy in the U.S. Can Improve Global Access to Essential Medicines

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 125-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron S. Kesselheim
Keyword(s):  
Care Delivery ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
International Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Access To Essential Medicines

Improving access to essential medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has become a critical health policy issue. Millions more people die each year in poorer countries from diseases that are treated by pharmaceutical agents currently available in higher income nations. Recent medical innovation has tended to focus on problems affecting populations in developed countries and avoid those found exclusively or predominantly in LMICs. The etiology of these disparities is multifactorial, and can include high costs of products, inadequate cooperation between governments and aid agencies, rigid protection of intellectual property rights, and poor local health leadership regarding dissemination of products.Over the past two decades, there have been growing efforts to reduce global disparities in availability of essential medicines. At the forefront of these efforts have been international agencies such as the World Health Organization, or groups like Médicins Sans Frontières and Partners in Health, which have helped set international health priorities and sought to improve local health care delivery systems.

Information systems planning and operation in Less Developed Countries. Part 2: Case study, information systems, evaluation

1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Bell
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Diffusion Of Information ◽  
Systems Planning ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Information Systems Planning ◽  
Planning And Operation

Aimed primarily at academics working in the field of development studies. First, it is intended to give an overview of the major issues involved in the diffusion of information to less developed countnes (LDCs), and a review of the types of organization that operate in the field, their accessibility and specializations. It is hoped that this presentation will encour age academics to become interested in the value and power of information as a thing in itself, and correspondingly to dedi cate greater efforts to making use of, and furthenng the cause of those information services which are appropriate and cost effective Second, the paper is an attempt to pull together the various aspects of the subject of 'information for LDCs', encouraging librarians and information specialists to consider issues other than those concerned mainly with technical access to facilities, (e.g. the political control of information, the 'privatization of information' and appropriate information systems for local populations, etc.). Generally, recent literature (1978-84) is used throughout This is partly in order to demonstrate the latest thinking on the subject, but also due to the relative sparseness of earlier matenal which is still relevant.

Challenges in Improving Access to Generic Drugs in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-594
Author(s):  
Marcia Cristina Zago Novaretti ◽  
Simone Aquino
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Pharmaceutical Care ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Population ◽  
Health Care Managers ◽  
Care Managers ◽  
Access To Essential Medicines

Pharmaceutical care is essential for the control and treatment of numerous diseases, nevertheless it is estimated that over 25% of world population do not have access to essential medicines. In this scenario, generics plays a key role in providing lower cost medicines worldwide. In Brazil, generic drugs do not prevail in the pharmaceutical market although the Federal government certifies their quality and the price is lower when compared to reference products. This paper addresses a thorough understanding of this situation can make available data for decision-making, assisting health care managers, the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacies to improve the pharmaceutical care in the country.

Why drug shortages occur

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
International Level ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Drug Shortages ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Access To Essential Medicines ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Drug shortages are recognised as being an important global issue1 that cause significant problems by delaying, and in some cases even preventing access to essential medicines.2 In the UK, problems caused by drug shortages have led to an enquiry by the All-Party Pharmacy Group (APPG)3,4 and publication of best practice guidance by the Department of Health (DH) working in conjunction with the manufacturers of branded and generic medicines.5–8 Widespread shortages of medicines commonly prescribed in primary care are now a regular occurrence and have significant impact on patients and healthcare professionals. In this article we discuss the reasons why shortages occur, how shortages are being addressed at a national and international level and what actions need to be taken to help minimise the impact on patients.

scholarly journals Health Informatics for Development: a Threepronged Strategy of Partnerships, Standards, and Mobile Health

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Adejumo ◽  
D. Luna ◽  
A. Marcelo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Health ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legacy Systems ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Training And Research ◽  
Effective Use

SummaryDescribe the issues surrounding health informatics in developing countries and the challenges faced by practitioners in building internal capacity. From these issues, the authors propose cost-effective strategies that can fast track health informatics development in these low to medium income countries (LMICs).The authors conducted a review of literature and consulted key opinion leaders who have experience with health informatics implementations around the world.Despite geographic and cultural differences, many LMICs share similar challenges and opportunities in developing health informatics.Partnerships, standards, and inter-operability are well known components of successful informatics programs. Establishing partnerships can be comprised of formal inter-institutional collaborations on training and research, collaborative open source software development, and effective use of social networking. Lacking legacy systems, LMICs can discuss standards and inter-operability more openly and have greater potential for success. Lastly, since cellphones are pervasive in developing countries, they can be leveraged as access points for delivering and documenting health services in remote under-served areas. Mobile health or mHealth gives LMICs a unique opportunity to leapfrog through most issues that have plagued health informaticsin developed countries. By employing this proposed roadmap, LMICs can now develop capacity for health informaticsusing appropriate and cost-effective technologies.

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