EXPRESS: Visually Guided Movement with Increasing Time-on-Task: Differential Effects on Movement Preparation and Movement Execution

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110480
Author(s):  
Andras Matuz ◽  
Dimitri Van der Linden ◽  
Andras N Zsido ◽  
Arpad Csatho
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Pointing Movement ◽  
Movement Error ◽  
Phasic Alertness ◽  
Error Ratio ◽  
Variable Movement

Top-down cognitive control seems to be sensitive to the detrimental effects of fatigue induced by time-on-task (ToT). The planning and preparation of the motor responses may be especially vulnerable to ToT. Yet, effects of ToT specific to the different phases of movements have received little attention. Therefore, in three experiments, we assessed the effect of ToT on a mouse-pointing task. In Experiment 1, there were 16 possible target positions with variable movement directions. In Experiment 2, the layout of the targets was simplified. In Experiment 3, using cuing conditions we examined whether the effects of ToT on movement preparation and execution were caused by an increased orientation deficit or decreased phasic alertness. In each experiment, initiation of movement (preparatory phase) became slower, movement execution became faster and overall response time remained constant with increasing ToT. There was, however, no significant within-person association between the preparatory and execution phases. In Experiments 1 and 2, we found a decreasing movement time/movement error ratio, suggesting a more impulsive execution of the pointing movement. In addition, ToT was also accompanied with imprecise movement execution as indicated by the increased errors, mainly in Experiment 2. The results of Experiment 3 indicated that ToT did not induce orientation and phasic alerting deficits but rather was accompanied by decreased tonic alertness.

Lower Extremity Movement Preparation and Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48
Author(s):  
Scott J. Pedersen ◽  
Paul R. Surburg
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Movement Response ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Choice Response Time ◽  
Preparation Phase

This study investigated the movement preparation (reaction time) and movement execution (movement time) of children with and without ADHD by manipulating the uncertainty of occurrence. Participants performed a seated lower extremity choice response time protocol, which contained either 10% catch trials or 30% catch trials along with 27 empirical stimuli to one of three target directions. Results indicated that children with ADHD were significantly slower at processing lower extremity movements than their peers for the condition with increased number of catch trials, but not the condition with fewer catch trials. These findings suggest that children with ADHD are more affected by the uncertainty of an empirical stimulus during the preparation phase of a movement response than their age-matched peers are.

Abstract W P140: Post-stroke Oculomotor Abnormalities evident during Objective Eye Tracking but Not under Clinical Assessment

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John-Ross Rizzo ◽  
Todd Hudson ◽  
Briana Kowal ◽  
Michal Wiseman ◽  
Preeti Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Control Post

Introduction: Visual abnormalities and manual motor control have been studied extensively after stroke, but an understanding of oculomotor control post-stroke has not. Recent studies have revealed that in visually guided reaches arm movements are planned during eye movement execution, which may contribute to increased task complexity. In fact, in healthy controls during visually guided reaches, the onset of eye movement is delayed, its velocity reduced, and endpoint errors are larger relative to isolated eye movements. Our objective in this experiment was to examine the temporal properties of eye movement execution for stroke patients with no diagnosed visual impairment. The goal is to improve understanding of oculomotor control in stroke relative to normal function, and ultimately further understand its coordination with manual motor control during joint eye and hand movements. We hypothesized that stroke patients would show abnormal initiation or onset latency for saccades made in an eye movement task, as compared to healthy controls. Methods: We measured the kinematics of eye movements during point-to-point saccades; there was an initial static, fixation point and the stimulus was a flashed target on a computer monitor. We used a video-based eye tracker for objective recording of the eye at a sampling frequency of 2000 Hz (SR Research, Eyelink). 10 stroke subjects, over 4 months from injury and with no diagnosed visual impairment, and 10 healthy controls completed 432 saccades in a serial fashion. Results: Stroke patients had significantly faster onset latencies as compared to healthy controls during saccades (99.5ms vs. 245.2ms, p=0.00058). Conclusion: A better understanding of the variations in oculomotor control post-stroke, which may go unnoticed during clinical assessment, may improve understanding of how eye control synchronizes with arm or manual motor control. This knowledge could assist in tailoring rehabilitative strategies to amplify motor recovery. For next steps, we will perform objective eye and hand recordings during visually guided reaches post-stroke to better understand the harmonization or lack thereof after neurologic insult.

scholarly journals Electric and acoustic stimulation during movement preparation can facilitate movement execution in healthy participants and stroke survivors

2016 ◽  
Vol 618 ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Welber Marinovic ◽  
Sandra G. Brauer ◽  
Kathryn S. Hayward ◽  
Timothy J. Carroll ◽  
Stephan Riek
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Healthy Participants

Influence of Spatial Mapping on Manual Aiming Asymmetries

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian K. V. Maraj ◽  
Digby Elliott ◽  
James Lyons ◽  
Eric A. Roy ◽  
Tamara Winchester
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Movement Error ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Spatial Translation ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
The Right

Two experiments were conducted to examine manual asymmetries in a one-dimensional aiming task. In Exp. 1, 10 right-handed adults slid a computer mouse 13 cm on a graphics tablet with both the right and left hands to targets of 3 different diameters. Under these conditions, the movement time for the right hand was significantly faster as expected. In Exp. 2, subjects performed similar movements to move a cursor 13 cm on a computer monitor. Thus the study was identical except the stimulus-response mapping was indirect. In this situation, there were no significant differences for either movement time or movement error between hands despite these performance measures indicating that target aiming was more difficult in Exp. 2. Because increases in task difficulty generally result in a greater advantage for the right hand, as indicated by Todor & Smiley, 1985, the present studies suggest that superiority of the right hand in aiming tasks may be diminished when spatial translation is required. Perhaps the spatial translation requires greater involvement of the right hemisphere, a process associated with manual advantage for the left hand, previously suggested by Roy and MacKenzie.

Improving on Human’s Movement Time Model for Pointing Task - Introducing the Target Position Factor into Fitts’ Law

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 2349-2355
Author(s):  
Jun Min Du ◽  
Hai Wen Shi
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Conventional Model ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Pointing Movement ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Pointing Movements

The experiments were aimed at determining the effect of target position on movement time when performing a target pointing movement task. 21 subjects performed pointing movements with 72 conditions of various target position. The movement time data were collected. It was shown that the starting point position and target position greatly affect the movement time. As a result, the movement times were not explained satisfactorily by the conventional Fitts’ model. The conventional model was improved by introducing the target position factor into. Compared with the conventional Fitts’ model, the new model could describe the data better, both in term of contribution value (r2) and the standard error of the residual between the predicted value by model fit and the measured movement time.

scholarly journals Intervention-Induced Changes in Cortical Connectivity and Activity in Severe Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Wilkins ◽  
Julius P.A. Dewald ◽  
Jun Yao
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Primary Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Hemiparetic Stroke ◽  
Hand Opening

AbstractObjectiveEffective interventions have demonstrated the ability to improve motor function by reengaging ipsilesional resources, which has been shown to be critical and feasible for hand function recovery even in individuals with severe chronic stroke. However, the question remains how these focal activity changes (i.e., changes in activity within motor regions) relate to altered cortico-cortico interactions within/across multiple regions.MethodsEight individuals with severe chronic stroke participated in a device-assisted intervention. Pre- and post-intervention, we collected EEG while performing hand opening with/without lifting the paretic arm. We quantified changes in focal cortical activity at movement execution and connectivity during movement preparation.ResultsPost-intervention, individuals displayed a reduction in coupling from ipsilesional M1 to contralesional M1 within gamma frequencies during movement preparation for hand opening. This was followed by a reduction in activity in contralesional primary sensorimotor cortex during movement execution. Meanwhile, during lifting and opening, a more inhibitory coupling within ipsilesional M1 from gamma to beta frequencies was accompanied by an increase in ipsilesional primary sensorimotor cortex activity.ConclusionsChanges in coupling within or between motor regions during movement preparation complement topographical activity changes at movement execution.SignificanceOur results suggest that changes in cortico-cortico interactions may lead to corresponding changes in focal cortical activity.

Effects of Preparatory Period on a Reaction-Time Followed by a Pointing Movement Either Guided or Not

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 980-982
Author(s):  
Yves Guiard ◽  
Jean Requin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Preparatory Period ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pointing Movement ◽  
Pointing Task ◽  
The Mean

In a pointing task, the movement-time (MT), as opposed to reaction-time (RT), does not depend upon duration of preparatory period (PP). On the other hand, the mean MT, but not the mean RT, is shortened by guidance of the movement. The timing of preparatory processes in such task is discussed.

Effects of Foreperiod and Time on Task on Reaction Time and Movement Time

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald Arild Bjørklund
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Preparatory Set ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Main Effects

The study was undertaken to investigate the effects of foreperiod (range 0.5 to 5.0 sec.) and 80 min. time on task (TOT) on reaction time (RT) and three subsequent fractions of movement time (MT) in a visual reaction-time experiment. Main effects of foreperiod and TOT, and an interaction between them appeared on RT. During the first 40 min. TOT, the most rapid RTs were observed at the foreperiods exceeding 1.5 sec., while after 40 min. TOT an increment in RT also emerged at the 5-sec. foreperiod. The interaction indicates that some kind of time-dependent fatigue affects ability to maintain preparatory set mainly with long fore-periods. A main effect of foreperiod was observed on all the three fractions of MT; the measurements lengthened with prolonged foreperiods, indicating that onset of fore-period generates a general preparedness in the motor system. TOT did not affect MT. The study indicates that temporal factors affect the perceptual component of simple human performance more than the motor components.

Goal-Directed Reaching: The SNARC Effect Influences Movement Planning but not Movement Execution

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taryn Bingley ◽  
Matthew Heath
Keyword(s):  
Movement Time ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Snarc Effect ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Deceleration Phase ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Response Planning ◽  
Execution Phase

AbstractThe spatial–numerical association of response codes (SNARC effect) is a well-documented phenomenon wherein numerical digits spatially bias the selection of a response, with low and high numbers eliciting faster left and right responses, respectively. A host of button press tasks report expression of the SNARC effect for response planning (i.e., reaction time: RT); however, Fischer (2003) reports that the effect can selectively manifest during the movement execution phase (i.e., movement time: MT) of a goal-directed reaching task. Here we employed a kinematic technique to determine whether the reported SNARC effect is expressed in the early or late (or both) stages of a goal-directed reaching trajectory. Results for RT produced a reliable SNARC effect whereas results for MT produced a reversed-SNARC effect that was attributed to the deceleration phase of reach trajectories. More specifically, left space reaches cued by low numbers produced shorter RTs than high number counterparts and were associated with longer MTs (the converse was true of right space reaches). We have interpreted these results in terms of a spatial–numerical bias influencing a trade-off between the temporal properties of movement planning and execution mechanisms.

Optimized Keyboard Labeling for Visually Guided Keying: Fitts' Law Fits Poorly

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-601
Author(s):  
Ron Noel
Keyword(s):  
Side Effect ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Automated Design ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Standard Keyboard ◽  
Movement Distance ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Keyboard Layout

The labeling of the conventional keyboard results in reasonably efficient keying speed for two-handed touch typing. The efficiency comes from successive keystrokes having a high probability of falling to opposite hands with the fastest keying times, and a low probability for falling to the same finger with the slowest keying times. A side effect of the labeling is that the keyboard distance between successive keystrokes is magnified. Modes of keyboard interaction that use visually guided pointing are at a distinct disadvantage. The conventional labeling maximizes movement distance and therefore movement time (reducing keying speeds) according to Fitts' Law. This study creates and uses automated design utilities to maximize the speed of keying for Fitts' devices. Two keyboard layout options are considered, the standard keyboard and a square matrix layout. The optimized designs decrease movement distance by 50 percent over the conventional labeling, but with little change in estimated keying performance.

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