scholarly journals Direct harms and social consequences: An analysis of the impact of maternal imprisonment on dependent children in England and Wales

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shona Minson
Keyword(s):  
Social Processes ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Dependent Children ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Research With Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
The Impact

This article draws upon research with children whose mothers were imprisoned in England and Wales, to investigate the impacts of maternal imprisonment on dependent children. The research directly engaged with children, in accordance with Article 12 of the UNCRC 1989, and is set within an examination of the differentiated treatment in the family and criminal courts of England and Wales of children facing state initiated separation from a parent. The article explores children’s ‘confounding grief’ and contends that this grief originates from social processes, experienced as a consequence of maternal imprisonment. ‘Secondary prisonization’ is characterized by changes in home and caregiver and the regulation of the mother and child relationship. ‘Secondary stigmatization’ occurs when children are stigmatized by virtue of their relationship with their mother. These harms to children call into question the state’s fulfilment of its duty to protect children under Article 2 of the UNCRC 1989.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Overview of the Monogamous Marriage in a Multiregion Framework: Modelling and Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Mustapha Lhous ◽  
Omar Zakary ◽  
Mostafa Rachik
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this paper is to develop a new mathematical model to study, analyze, and control the family status in several regions and to discuss the impact of the connectivity of regions and the mobility of residents on the marital status of the family, by adopting a multiregion discrete-time model. The modelling and the control process of the system that describes the case of monogamous marriages in a multiregion framework are considered. Two combined control strategies are proposed, which allow reducing the virgin and divorced individuals and increasing the number of married individuals in a specific region. The first control is considered as the impact of public awareness campaigns to educate virgin men and women about the benefits of marriage for the individual and the society; the second control characterizes the legal procedures, administrative complications, and the heavy financial and social consequences of divorces. The optimal control theory is applied to characterize such optimal strategies and determined numerically using a progressive-regressive discrete scheme to discuss the obtained results.

scholarly journals The Visibility of Children Whose Mothers are Being Sentenced for Criminal Offences in the Courts of England and Wales

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shona Minson ◽  
Rachel Condry
Keyword(s):  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Judicial Interpretation ◽  
Dependent Children ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Secondary Victimisation ◽  
Mitigating Factor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Case Basis

Set within a general understanding of the judicial interpretation of mitigation, and the development of sentencing guidelines, this article presents a study exploring the visibility of children within the sentencing process, and the way in which judges in the courts of England and Wales regard dependent children as a mitigating factor in sentencing. The findings, taken from the results of an analysis of sentencing transcripts from court cases in England and Wales, indicate that the visibility of children of defendants is increased at the initial sentencing hearing if the judge requests a pre-sentence report. In appellate decisions, the children have enhanced visibility as their limited impact on mitigation at first instance usually forms part of the grounds of appeal. There is, however, divergence on a case by case basis as to their impact on mitigation. In offences where a deterrent theory of punishment underpins the sentencing guidelines, the sentences have higher starting points and judges are less able to take the personal mitigation of the defendant’s dependent children into consideration. The discussion then considers the impact of these findings on the broader debates about the punitive impact of maternal imprisonment on children, issues of secondary victimisation, vulnerable populations and human rights.

Wages, Secondary Workers, and Fertility: A Working-Class Perspective of the Fertility Transition in England and Wales

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jona Schellekens
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Additional Income

The focus of the analysis in this study is on the economic benefits parents derive from their children and the impact of these on fertility transitions. Particular attention is given to the working class in Victorian England and Wales. The life-cycle drop-off in adult productivity among this class created a need for additional income at later stages of the family life-cycle. This income was mostly generated by children and adolescents. Hence, it is suggested, that not until the substantial rise in real wages during the last quarter of the nineteenth century could fertility among the working class in England and Wales have started its decline. This hypothesis is shown to be consistent with data on occupation-specific fertility levels taken from the 1911 Fertility Census.

scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Nightshift Work on Evening Energy Intake, Diet Quality and Meal Timing in the Family: An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-831
Author(s):  
Alan Flanagan ◽  
Elizabeth Lowson ◽  
Bruce A. Griffin ◽  
Debra J. Skene
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Dependent Children ◽  
Meal Timing ◽  
The Family ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Uk National Health Service ◽  
The Impact

The percentage of women working regular nightshift work has increased in the past decade. While nightshift work has the potential to exert adverse effects on dietary habits, little is known about the impact of a parent working nightshifts on dietary habits in the family. We analysed energy intake, meal timing, and diet quality among dependent children and male partners of 20 female UK National Health Service (NHS) nurses working rotational nightshifts. Comparing nightshift against non-nightshift conditions, we hypothesised that maternal nightshift work would affect the evening energy intake, diet quality and time of eating of dependent children and adult partners. Primary outcomes were absolute energy intake and the proportion of daily energy intake consumed in the evening (16:00–23:59 h). Our results show that in pre-teen children aged 8–12 years (n = 13, mean ± SD, 9.9 ± 1.6 yrs; 9 males), the proportion of total daily energy intake consumed during periods of nightshift work was significantly greater compared to periods of non-nightshifts (45.7% ± 8.8% vs. 39.7% ± 7.0%, mean ± SD, p = 0.012). There was no effect of nightshift work on dietary habits in teenage children or partners. The finding of a greater proportion of daily energy consumed in the evening period in pre-teen children is noteworthy, as it suggests that pre-teen children more dependent than older teenage children may be more vulnerable to disruptions to dietary patterns associated with maternal nightshift work.

scholarly journals (Nie)korzystne zjawiska w relacji państwo–rodzina–dziecko

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
Łukasz Wirkus
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

For several years in the social space, we have been observing the interpenetration of various phenomena in the government–family–child relationship. There has been a significant decline in the impact of traditional socialization centers on alternative entities. The circumstances described in the text make it possible to understand different contexts of contemporary transformations in the perception of parenthood, the family and its relations with the government. In the text I analyze a map of the problems of the modern family, which is still particularly important for the child’s social development and shaping his/her attitudes and behaviour.

scholarly journals The Impossibility of Queering the Mother: New Sightings of the Virgin Mother in the ‘Secular’ State

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ten Commandments ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
Secular State

In this part autobiographical essay, I explore the social consequences of the rise of the so-called ‘tender years’ doctrine coinciding with the rise in divorce. I argue that this has led to increased gender apartheid around the figures of M-for-Mother and F-for-Father, and a new sanctification of the figure of the holy mother-and-child. I look at the inverse and complementary relations between M-for-Male and F-for Female and M-for-Mother and F-for-Father, and I argue (counterintuitively) that origins, mothers, and fathers are queerer in ancient myths and the Bible than they are in contemporary semantics and law. I use strange old biblical texts (Solomon’s judgment; the trial of Abraham) to create unheimlich echoes for the so-called secular state and its strange constructions of the family; and I show how the Ten Commandments continue to influence family law.

scholarly journals Impact of Perinatal Death on the Social and Family Context of the Parents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3421
Author(s):  
Cayetano Fernández-Sola ◽  
Marcos Camacho-Ávila ◽  
José Manuel Hernández-Padilla ◽  
Isabel María Fernández-Medina ◽  
Francisca Rosa Jiménez-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Family Dynamics ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Care Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

Background: Perinatal death (PD) is a painful experience, with physical, psychological and social consequences in families. Each year, there are 2.7 million perinatal deaths in the world and about 2000 in Spain. The aim of this study was to explore, describe and understand the impact of perinatal death on parents’ social and family life. Methods: A qualitative study based on Gadamer’s hermeneutic phenomenology was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 mothers and eight fathers who had suffered a perinatal death. Inductive analysis was used to find themes based on the data. Results: Seven sub-themes emerged, and they were grouped into two main themes: 1) perinatal death affects family dynamics, and 2) the social environment of the parents is severely affected after perinatal death. Conclusions: PD impacts the family dynamics of the parents and their family, social and work environments. Parents perceive that society trivializes their loss and disallows or delegitimizes their grief. Implications: Social care, health and education providers should pay attention to all family members who have suffered a PD. The recognition of the loss within the social and family environment would help the families to cope with their grief.

scholarly journals A Study on the Impact of Parent-child Relationship and Socioeconomic Status on Problem Behaviour among Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 541-549
Author(s):  
Partha Malakar
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Parent Child

Aim: The aim of study was to examine whether there exists significant difference in problem behavior among children with the variation in socioeconomic status in the family and parent child relationship (mother-child and father-child relationship). Study Design: A cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Data collected in group (maximum with 20 participants by maintaining necessary Covid protocols) at schools in Kolkata with special appointment and after taking consent from the school authority and the participants in November, 2021. Methodology: 100 Bengali parents as participants from Kolkata with 30 to 45 years of age and having children within 10 years of age were included following necessary inclusion criteria. The tools used for the study were an information schedule, modified Kuppuswamy SES scale, the Child Behaviour Checklist and parent child relationship scale. Results: Results revealed that the problem behavior in children differed significantly due to the variation in socioeconomic status of the family and parent child relationship (in terms of mother child and father child relationship). Thus, the impact of socioeconomic status and parent child relationship on problem behavior among children is significant (P< .001). Conclusion: The present study concludes that there are significant impact of socioeconomic status and parent child relationship on problem behavior of the children. The present study has implications in emphasizing that socioeconomic status of the family and nature of parent child relationship play a pivotal role in generating internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors sometimes separately and sometimes together which gradually may turn into developing chronic psychological disturbances. Therefore, immediate measures should be taken to develop concern and to implement psychological intervention.

scholarly journals THE EVIDENCE OF ANONYMOUS WITNESSES IN CRIMINAL COURTS: NOW AND INTO THE FUTURE

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-92
Author(s):  
Alan George Ward
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trial ◽  
First Century ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Law Of Evidence ◽  
The Impact

Anonymous witness evidence, the use of which had quietly expanded in the early part of the twenty-first century in criminal courts in England and Wales, was significantly curtailed by the House of Lords in the case of R v Davis. Little over a month later the government had enacted legislation to minimise the impact of their Lordships’ ruling, yet the long-term future of this area of the criminal law of evidence remains undetermined. This article seeks to assess what impact the Criminal Evidence (Witness Anonymity) Act 2008 has had on the right to a fair trial in England and Wales and, subsequently, to weigh up the options for long-term reform in this area of the law. It will be submitted that the stated policy aim of the government, the protection of witnesses, can be achieved for the long-term without impeding or undermining the absolute right of the defendant to a fair trial.

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