scholarly journals Remembering war through images: Visual narratives of the Finnish Civil War in history textbooks from the 1920s to the 2010s

2020 ◽  
pp. 175069802095981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eemeli Hakoköngäs ◽  
Olli Kleemola ◽  
Inari Sakki ◽  
Virpi Kivioja
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Visual Narratives ◽  
Memory Work ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Two Sides

The present study focuses on memory work in school textbook illustrations of the Finnish Civil War (1918). A thematic narrative analysis shows how the content and meanings conveyed through visual narratives have developed in the past century. Besides changes in specific narrative, the interpretation of the functions of themes shows a gradual change in the schematic narrative template: the hegemonic, victor’s narrative has been gradually replaced with alternative accounts since the 1950s. The defeated side has been represented in school textbooks since the 1950s, and since the 1990s, the narrative has evolved from pointing out the similarities between the two sides to arousing emotions of sympathy for the victims of the War. Since the 2000s, visual images have been used to highlight multi-perspectivity in history. This study shows how the cultural trauma and reconciliation process has been conveyed in educational material and how the narrative templates may dynamically change.

scholarly journals Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Spanish Citizens Abroad

2020 ◽  
pp. 457-472
Author(s):  
Pau Palop-García
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract This chapter outlines the social protection policies that Spain has adopted to target Spanish nationals abroad. First, it describes the diaspora infrastructure and the key engagement policies developed in the last years by Spain. Subsequently, the chapter focuses on five social protection policies: unemployment, health care, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. The findings reveal that Spain has adopted a diaspora strategy that targets different emigrant groups such as exiles of the Civil War and early Francoism and their descendants, Spaniards that emigrated to other European countries during the 1950s and 1960s, and new emigrants that left the country due to the consequences of the financial crisis of 2008. Findings also show that, although Spain has developed a wide array of services to target its diverse diaspora, it still lacks a comprehensive scheme of social protection abroad. Moreover, the results suggest that Spain has adopted a subsidiary social policy strategy abroad that is triggered when the social protection offered by states of reception is lacking.

scholarly journals L’encaix de la narrativa sense ficció de Víctor Labrado en el paradigma de la novel·la històrica valenciana

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Dari Escandell
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Historical Novels ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Past Time ◽  
Non Fiction

Resum: L’escriptor valencià Víctor Labrado (Sueca, 1956) s’ha erigit com un dels grans referents contemporanis en el camp de la novel·la de no-ficció en català, subgènere narratiu que conjumina la intenció metanovel·lesca amb fidedignes discursos testimonials. Ara bé, ¿les obres cabdals de Labrado –peculiars, idiosincràtiques i gens usuals– poden ser considerades també, sense subterfugis ni matisos, novel·la històrica? A grans trets: trames guerracivilistes empeltades d’entrevistes, dosis generoses de periodisme documental i absència gairebé absoluta de ficció. La tècnica i l’estil propi no suposen, però, cap impediment perquè molts llibres seus siguen alhora novel·la històrica, si fem cas dels topoi convinguts per la crítica especialitzada. No debades, aquests exemplars esdevenen, al capdavall, testimoni viu d’un temps passat; vivències i peripècies de gent anònima que rescaten de l’oblit, des de la particularitat més universal, la realitat valenciana d’un segle passat vilment estigmatitzat pel conflicte civil de l’any 1936 i la dictadura consegüent. ¿N’hi ha prou amb això, però, perquè aquesta etiqueta o clixé siga atribuïble també a la resta de la seua obra i trajectòria? El present article analitza a nivell tècnic, argumental i conceptual els llibres essencials de Labrado per tal de determinar quina part de la seua novel·lística sense ficció pot o no considerar-se al seu torn novel·la històrica.Paraules clau: Víctor Labrado, novel·la sense ficció, novel·la històrica, literatura catalana, valencià.Abstract: The Valencian writer Víctor Labrado (Sueca, 1956) has emerged as one of the great contemporary references in the field of the non-fiction novel in Catalan, a narrative subgenre that combines the fictional intention with real testimonial speeches. However, can Labrado’s capital books –peculiar, idiosyncratic and unusual– be considered also, without subterfuges or hints, historical novels? Broadly speaking: are his Spanish civil war plots grafted with interviews, generous doses of documentary journalism and almost absolute absence of fiction, historical novels? Its techniques and style are no impediment to say so, if we pay attention to the topoi agreed by the specialized critic. In fact, these novels become, in short, a living testimony of our past time: they rescue from oblivion the experiences and adventures of anonymous people, from the most universal particularity, and the Valencian reality of a past century stigmatized by the civil conflict of 1936 and the consequent dictatorship. Is that enough, however, to attribute this label to the rest of his literary works? This paper analyses the techniques, the plots and the concepts of Labrado’s essential books to determine what part of his nonfiction novels may or may not be considered historical.Keywords: Víctor Labrado, nonfiction novel, historical novel, Catalan literature, Valencian

The Vietnam War (1954–75) in History Textbooks: A View from Two Sides

2018 ◽  
pp. 313-332
Author(s):  
Tran Thi Vinh ◽  
Ha Hai Hoang ◽  
Tran Duc Tuan
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
The Vietnam War ◽  
Two Sides

Prologue: Dinner in Laeken (1989)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Segers
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Recent History ◽  
German Unification ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Two Sides

The period immediately following the fall of the Berlin Wall is key to studying the Netherlands’ role in European integration. After a brief moment of paralysing doubt, this unbelievable turnaround was celebrated as a victory after Europe’s horrific recent history. But when the dust began to settle, the Netherlands found itself in an uneasy position. The Treaty of Maastricht (1992) made German unification and European integration ‘two sides of the same coin’, catapulting the Netherlands into a political situation comparable to that of the 1950s. On the euro’s debut, the country once again became part of a continental circle in which France and Germany set the pace while the UK, Denmark and Sweden wished the Netherlands luck from the sidelines.

Bougainville

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-109
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil War ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
High Price ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Cautionary Tale ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
Persuasive Argument ◽  
Two Sides

This chapter discusses Bougainville, an example of a strong combative movement, where there is greater symmetry between the capabilities of the two sides. Given the high price that Bougainville paid to win an autonomy agreement and legal referendum — roughly 20,000 people died in their ten-year civil war — the chapter presents another kind of cautionary tale. It offers a critique of the international recognition regime by showing how violence can be a useful tactic. The chapter shows Bougainville cannot make a persuasive argument that it, like New Caledonia, can and should achieve independence via the process of decolonization. It has therefore been relegated to the somewhat residual category of combative movements, where violence and the appeal to human rights are common tactics. The chapter then assumes that Bougainville is the most likely candidate for becoming the next sovereign state. Ultimately, the chapter illustrates the various factors that assisted Bougainville's development of secessionist drive and sense of national consciousness.

History of Japanese Labor and Production Management

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Tsutsui
Keyword(s):  
Production Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Labor Management ◽  
Japanese Management ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 1950S

Tracking with Japan’s macroeconomic fortunes since World War II, global interest in Japanese management practices emerged in the 1950s with the start of Japan’s “miracle economy,” soared in the 1980s as Japanese industrial exports threatened manufacturers around the world, and declined after 1990 as Japan’s growth stalled. Japanese techniques, especially in labor and production management, fascinated Western scholars and practitioners in their striking divergence from U.S. and European conventions and their apparent advantages in creating harmonious, highly productive workplaces. Two reductive approaches to the origins of Japan’s distinctive management methods―one asserting they were the organic outgrowth of Japan’s unique cultural heritage, the other stressing Japan’s proficiency at emulating and adapting American models—came to dominate the academic and popular literature. As historical analysis reveals, however, such stylized interpretations distort the complex evolution of Japanese industrial management over the past century and shed little light on the current debates over the potential convergence of Japanese practices and American management norms. Key features of the Japanese model of labor management—“permanent” employment, seniority-based wages and promotions, and enterprise unions—developed between the late 1800s and the 1950s from the contentious interaction of workers, managers, and government bureaucrats. The distinctive “Japanese Employment System” that emerged reflected both employers’ priorities (for low labor turnover and the affirmation of managerial authority in the workplace) and labor’s demands (for employment security and respect as full members of the firm). Since 1990, despite the widespread perception that Japanese labor management is inefficient and inflexible by international standards, many time-honored practices have endured, as Japanese corporations have pursued adaptive, incremental change rather than precipitous convergence toward a more market-oriented American model. The distinguishing elements of Japanese production management—the “lean production” system and just-in-time manufacturing pioneered in Toyota factories, innovative quality-control practices—also evolved slowly over the first century of Japanese industrialization. Imported management paradigms (especially Frederick Taylor’s scientific management) had a profound long-term impact on Japanese shop-floor methods, but Japanese managers were creative in adapting American practices to Japan’s realities and humanizing the rigid structures of Taylorism. Japanese production management techniques were widely diffused internationally from the 1980s, but innovation has slowed in Japanese manufacturing in recent decades and Japanese firms have struggled to keep pace with latest management advances from the United States and Europe. In sum, the histories of Japanese labor and production management cannot be reduced to simple narratives of cultural determinism, slavish imitation, or inevitable convergence. Additional research on Japanese practices in a wide range of firms, industries, sectors, regions, and historical periods is warranted to further nuance our understanding of the complex evolution, diverse forms, and contingent future of Japanese management.

Re-enacting the past in TV news on war crime trials: A method for analysis of visual narratives in archival footage

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-467
Author(s):  
Katarina Ristić
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Visual Narratives ◽  
Multimodal Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tv News ◽  
Artificial Memory ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Visual Structure ◽  
Ideological Work

This article provides a method for the analysis of the visual narratives present in the archival footage in programs of TV news, based on an analysis of TV news on war crime trials transmitted by Serbian TV stations. The archival footage in TV news presents specific claims as to an understanding of the trials, as it is assumed to present the ‘reality’ of war, re-enacting the past and eliciting viewers’ emotions. The author argues that the visual narratives emerging from the selection and editing of archival footage create specific meanings of the past, and provide a method for their analysis, applying social semiotic multimodal analysis and drawing on structural narrative analysis. The patterning of the visual narratives in the archival footage contributes to the creation of an artificial memory of war, signaling a particular version of the past within the preferred meaning of a TV news channel. The main advantage of this method is that it enables a systematic analysis of visual narratives in the archival footage, revealing the ideological work of sign-makers embedded in the visual structure.

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