Bougainville

This chapter discusses Bougainville, an example of a strong combative movement, where there is greater symmetry between the capabilities of the two sides. Given the high price that Bougainville paid to win an autonomy agreement and legal referendum — roughly 20,000 people died in their ten-year civil war — the chapter presents another kind of cautionary tale. It offers a critique of the international recognition regime by showing how violence can be a useful tactic. The chapter shows Bougainville cannot make a persuasive argument that it, like New Caledonia, can and should achieve independence via the process of decolonization. It has therefore been relegated to the somewhat residual category of combative movements, where violence and the appeal to human rights are common tactics. The chapter then assumes that Bougainville is the most likely candidate for becoming the next sovereign state. Ultimately, the chapter illustrates the various factors that assisted Bougainville's development of secessionist drive and sense of national consciousness.

False and Misleading Health-Related Claims in Food Supplements on Spanish Radio. An Analysis from a European Regulatory Framework

Objective: The excessive growth of the food supplements’ industry highlights the need to focus attention on all aspects involved in their proper consumption; one that takes centre stage is advertising. The aim of this research is to analyse the presence of false and misleading claims in food supplements advertising. To this end, a relationship is established between the different types of health-related claims and the substances on which they are based, whether authorised or not by EFSA. Design: This empirical work conducts a content analysis of all radio mentions broadcast throughout 2017 on news/talk radio stations. Setting: Spain. Participants: All radio mentions broadcast on news/talk commercial radio stations in Spain with the highest audience levels. The corpus is composed of 437 advertisements. Results: Results indicate that 80.3% of function claims included in the analysed advertisements are not authorised by EFSA, while 20.4% of disease claims are not allowed by EU regulation. Likewise, almost half of the substances referred to (43.7%) are illicit: 54.1% in function claims, 57.3% in disease claims, and 73.7% in the case of reduction of disease risk claims. Conclusions: This work reveals consistent failures to comply with European regulation on food supplements advertising. The widespread use of unauthorised health claims and substances is aggravated by the indirect recourse of illness as a persuasive argument, descriptions of alleged benefits as product attributes, and the omission of essential information. This leads to dangerous misinformation and can pose serious health risks. Stronger legal mechanisms are needed for effective consumer protection.

Destrukcja jako tworzywo. Ikonografia ruin Warszawy w polskim kinie dokumentalnym po II wojnie światowej

The image of Warsaw in ruins after World War II is an important motif in Polish documentary and feature cinema in the years 1944–1956. In the text, I discuss the images of the city captured by the first chroniclers as ‘basic’, which then became archetypical icons of the city’s destruction. I point out that the aesthetics of destruction, recorded in Andrzej Panufnik’s early film Ballada f-moll [Ballade in f minor], Jerzy Bossak’s Most [Bridge] and Tadeusz Makarczyński’s Suita warszawska [Warsaw Suite] proved to be exemplary for other artists. I show that the destruction of urban and architectural structures was inspiring for directors: it served as a documentary record, a basis forconstructing scripts, and dominant aesthetic, often providing a persuasive argument and serving to shape emotions. References to the resentments of the audience and the anatomy of the ruins were among the elements that shaped the ideological attitudes of various parts of Polish society. For some directors it was also a catharsis after the trauma of the Holocaust.

PERIPHERAL COMPONENTS IN SEMANTICS OF BASIC PERCEPTIVE VERBS КÖР- «LOOK» AND ИС- «LISTEN» IN THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE

В статье анализируется семантическая структура базовых перцептивных глаголов кöр- «смотреть, видеть» и ис- «слушать» в хакасском языке. В частности, выявляются и описываются не отраженные в словарных интерпретациях периферийные компоненты их семантики, которые формируются соотношением грамматических и семантических элементов. Установлено, что рассмотренные базовые перцептивные глаголы хакасского языка представляют периферийную часть концептуализации зрительного и слухового восприятий, которая обладает семантическими, ассоциативными и когнитивными особенностями. Грамматические же показатели уточняют и добавляют определенные оттенки в семантику глагола. Соотношение грамматических и содержательных компонентов в семантической структуре глагола кöр- «смотреть, видеть» систематизируется в синтаксических конструкциях, передающих оценочно-характеризующие высказывания со стороны говорящего (кöрдек анны… «посмотрите-ка на него / на нее…»). Как вводное слово данный глагол формирует конструкции, выражающие опасение, предостережение от негативной ситуации; наказ с оттенком категоричности; угрозу и предупреждение о том, что говорящий готов ответить на нежелательные действия противника. Раскрытие соответствующих грамматических и содержательных форм в структуре глагола ис- «слушать» нами не зафиксировано. Однако значительно реже, чем глагол кöр- «смотреть, видеть», он может вводить конструкцию, описывающую перцептивную ситуацию или факт, являющийся достоверным убеждающим аргументом говорящего в своей правоте. Наиболее часто глаголы кöр- «смотреть, видеть» и ис- «слышать» часто употребляются в форме призывов к зрительному и слуховому восприятию. Таким образом, рассмотренные базовые перцептивные глаголы хакасского языка представляют собой периферийную часть концептуализации зрительного и слухового восприятий, которая обладает семантическими, ассоциативными и когнитивными особенностями. The article analyzes the semantic structure of the basic perceptual verbs кöр- «look, see» and ис- «listen» in the Khakass language. In particular, peripheral components of their semantics that are not reflected in dictionary interpretations, which are formed by the ratio of grammatical and semantic elements, are identified and described. It is established that the considered basic perceptual verbs of the Khakass language represent the peripheral part of the conceptualization of visual and auditory perceptions, which has semantic, associative and cognitive features. Grammatical indicators clarify and add certain shades to the semantics of the verb. The correlation of grammatical and meaningful components in the semantic structure of the verb кöр- «look, see» is systematized in syntactic constructions that convey evaluative statements on the part of the speaker (кöрдек аны…). As an introductory word, this verb forms constructions expressing fear and caution from a negative situation; punishment with a touch of categorical; threat and warning that the speaker is ready to respond to unwanted actions of the enemy. The disclosure of relevant grammatical and meaningful forms in the structure of the verb ис- «listen» is not fixed by us. However, much less frequently than the verb кöр- «look, see», he can introduce a construct that describes a perceptual situation or a fact that is a reliable persuasive argument of the speaker being right. Most often, the verbs кöр- «look, see» and ис- « listen; hear» are often used in the form of appeals to visual and auditory perception. Thus, the considered basic perceptual verbs of the Khakass language represent the peripheral part of the conceptualization of visual and auditory perceptions, which has semantic, associative and cognitive features.

Will virtual rehabilitation replace clinicians: a contemporary debate about technological versus human obsolescence

This article is inspired by a pseudo Oxford-style debate, which was held in Tel Aviv University, Israel at the International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation (ICVR) 2019, which is the official conference of the International Society for Virtual Rehabilitation. The debate, between two 2-person teams with a moderator, was organized by the ICVR Program committee to address the question “Will virtual rehabilitation replace clinicians?” It brought together five academics with technical, research, and/or clinical backgrounds—Gerry Fluet, Tal Krasovsky, Anat Lubetzky, Philippe Archambault, W. Geoffrey Wright—to debate the pros and cons of using virtual reality (VR) and related technologies to help assess, diagnose, treat, and track recovery, and more specifically investigate the likelihood that advanced technology will ultimately replace human clinicians. Both teams were assigned a side to defend, whether it represented their own viewpoint or not, and to take whatever positions necessary to make a persuasive argument and win the debate. In this paper we present a recapitulation of the arguments presented by both sides, and further include an in-depth consideration of the question. We attempt to judiciously lay out a number of arguments that fall along a spectrum from moderate to extreme; the most extreme and/or indefensible positions are presented for rhetorical and demonstrative purposes. Although there may not be a clear answer today, this paper raises questions which are related to the basic nature of the rehabilitation profession, and to the current and potential role of technology within it.

Enabling leadership: Whitney Young, Jr as dramaturgical director of the US civil rights movement

Purpose Uhl-Bien and Arena (2018) presented a persuasive argument for recognizing the concept of enabling leadership as a critical form of leadership for adaptive organizations. This study aims to narratively explore the concept of enabling leadership in the context of social complexity. Design/methodology/approach To explore how leaders enable adaptive processes, Uhl-Bien and Arena (2018) called for future research using in-depth case studies of social actors centered on emergence in complex environments. In this in-depth case study, the authors pursue theory elaboration by using a form of analytically structured history process to analyze primary and secondary sources. Findings During archival research of Whitney Young, Jr’s largely overlooked and misunderstood leadership in the historic social drama of the 1960s US civil rights movement, the authors discovered compelling evidence to support and extend the theoretical arguments advanced by Uhl-Bien and Arena (2018). Research limitations/implications The reflexivity associated with interpretive case approaches confronts the issue of subjectivism. The authors ask readers to judge the credibility of their arguments accordingly. Originality/value Using a relational leadership-as-practice lens, the authors interpret the dramaturgical performance Whitney Young, Jr directed to facilitate coherent emancipatory dialogue, affect the social construction of power relations and enable the adaptive space needed for social transformation to emerge.

3. Populations

‘Populations’ considers the factors behind animal, plant, and insect population outbreaks. Influenced by weather and food, population outbreaks fast exceed available resources and populations crash. It is difficult to determine whether predators control the prey population or vice versa. Competition is a more persuasive argument for population control, acting through density-dependent processes. Carrying capacity is the population size that can be maintained given available resources, which might well be affected by environmental factors. Ecologists define two types of species—r species which reproduce early and produce many offspring, and k species which inhabit more tranquil environments. The picture is complicated by life trade-offs between two variables, such as reproduction and growth or survival.

1 Corinthians 10:1–4: The Rhetorical-Poetic Effect of Vividness and Emotions in Paul's Exhortation to Monotheism in the Context of 10:1–22

In 1 Cor. 10:1–22, Paul deals with the role of Christ and his relationship to God. This is an important ethical topic that Paul deems necessary to discuss with the Corinthian believers. In order to make an effective, thus persuasive, argument, he follows the ancient Greco-Roman tradition of rhetoric and poetics. I argue that vv. 1–4 is Paul's introduction to his vivid representation of monotheism (vv. 5–22). As he presents his narrative of the wilderness events, he employs various rhetorical-poetic techniques to evoke in his hearers imaginative and emotional experiences that will transport them into a higher level of ethical consciousness, a new monotheistic reality in Christ.