scholarly journals Ballistic impact resistance of additive manufactured high-strength maraging steel: An experimental study

2021 ◽  
pp. 204141962110354
Author(s):  
Miguel Costas ◽  
Maisie Edwards-Mowforth ◽  
Martin Kristoffersen ◽  
Filipe Teixeira-Dias ◽  
Vegard Brøtan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Maraging Steel ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Ballistic Performance ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Ballistic Protection

Maraging steel is a low carbon steel known for its ultra high-strength after heat treatment. In combination with Additive Manufacturing (AM), the properties of maraging steel indicate potential to enable complex geometries and improved performance-to-weight ratios for ballistic protection. This study investigates the ballistic performance of AM maraging steel monolithic plates and profile panels fabricated by powder bed fusion. The mechanical properties of the maraging steel, both in the as-built state and after heat treatment, were revealed through quasi-static and dynamic tests in three different directions with respect to the build direction. Metallurgical studies were also conducted to investigate the microstructure of the material both before and after testing. The ballistic perforation resistance of the maraging steel samples was disclosed in a ballistic range by firing 7.62 mm APM2 bullets towards the different target configurations. Ballistic limit curves and velocities were obtained, demonstrating that the thickest heat-treated AM maraging steel plate has a particularly good potential for ballistic protection. The hard core of the armour piercing bullet broke in all tests and occasionally shattered during tests with heat-treated targets. However, due to the severe brittleness of the material, the targets showed significant fragmentation in some cases and most significantly for the profile panels.

Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured and Conventional Maraging Steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 405 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Ludmila Kučerová ◽  
Andrea Jandová ◽  
Ivana Zetková
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Maraging Steel ◽  
Precipitation Hardening ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Hardness Measurement ◽  
Nickel Steel ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Good Material ◽  
Iron Nickel

Maraging steel is an iron-nickel steel alloy, which achieves very good material properties like high toughness, hardness, good weldability, high strength and dimensional stability during heat treatment. In this work, maraging steel 18Ni-300 was manufactured by selective laser melting. It is a method of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which produces prototypes and functional parts. Sample of additively manufactured and conventional steel with the same chemical composition were tested after in three different states – heat treated (as-built/as-received), solution annealed and precipitation hardened. Resulting microstructures were analysed by light and scanning electron microscopy and mechanical properties were obtained by hardness measurement and tensile test. Cellular martensitic microstructures were observed in additively manufactured samples and conventional maraging steel consisted of lath martensitic microstructures. Very similar mechanical properties were obtained for both steels after the application of the same heat treatment. Ultimate tensile strengths reached 839 – 900 MPa for samples without heat treatment and heat treated by solution annealing, the samples after precipitation hardening had tensile strengths of 1577 – 1711 MPa.

Study of the Plastic Deformation in Nanocrystalline and Ultrafine Iron and Carbon Steels

2008 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Antonio Benito ◽  
Robert Tejedor ◽  
Rodriguez Rodríguez-Baracaldo ◽  
Jose María Cabrera ◽  
Jose Manuel Prado
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Grain Size Distributions

Samples of nanostructured and ultrafine grained steels with carbon content ranging from 0.05 to 0.55%wt. have been obtained by a warm consolidation process from mechanically milled powders and subsequent heat treatments. In general, homogeneous grain size distributions were obtained except for the low-carbon steel in which a bimodal grain size distribution was observed when it was heat treated at high temperatures. The stress-strain response has been studied by means of compression tests. Nanostructured materials showed high strength but poor results in terms of ductility. In the low-ultrafine range (mean grain size between 100-500 nm) the three materials showed an increase in the ductility with strain softening. Finally, when the average grain size was close to 1 µm samples showed larger ductility and strain hardening.

Heat Treatment Conditions of Low Carbon Steel Part Used in the Deep Sea

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Seop Lim ◽  
Chung-Gil Kang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Steel Part ◽  
Heat Treatment Condition ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Oil Consumption

With increasing oil consumption, we have to find more oil resources in the deep sea. The extreme working condition of the deep sea requires high toughness and high strength values at low temperatures. Academic institutions limited the chemical composition of the requested casting steel to meet their requirements of fracture toughness and weldability. Thus, the carbon content was set approximately 0.10% based on classification societies which required specific mechanical properties of strength, elongation, reduction area and impact energy (−40°C). In this study, we find the optimal heat treatment condition of low carbon steel (0.10%C) to obtain the desired mechanical properties at low temperature (−40°C) according to different quenching parameters (heating times) and tempering parameters (heating temperatures, cooling methods).

Heat Treatment Regime Optimization for High-Strength Low-Carbon Steel Forged Slabs

Metallurgist ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 777-781
Author(s):  
V. V. Tsukanov ◽  
V. G Milyuts ◽  
O. E. Nigmatulin ◽  
S. A. Golosienko ◽  
S. V. Efimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Treatment Regime ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Heat Treatment Regime

Attainment of an exceptionally high strength in low-carbon steel along with modest ductility through a novel heat treatment route

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 240-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Raza Subhani ◽  
Dipak Kumar Mondal ◽  
Chandan Mondal ◽  
Joydeep Maity
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Low Carbon

Nanoindentation Behaviors of HVOF WC-10Co-4Cr Coating after Heat Treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 629 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Kun Ying Ding ◽  
Peng Cheng Lu ◽  
Zhen Sun
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Elasticity Modulus ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Cermet Coatings ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Sprayed Coating ◽  
Heat Treated Temperature

WC-10Co-4Cr cermet coatings were deposited on low carbon steel using the HVOF technique, then heat treated by different process (300 °C × 3 hours, 400 °C × 3 hours, and 500 °C × 3 hours). The influences of heat treatment on microhardness, elasticity modulus of coatings were studied by nanoindentation method in this paper. The results show that the microhardness increased with the heat-treated temperature increasing, but the tendency of elasticity modulus was opposite. In the case of 500 °C × 3 hours heat-treated coating, the microhardness increased by approximately 30% and elasticity modulus decreased by approximately 15% in comparison with that of as-sprayed coating.

PENGARUH ARUS TERHADAP STRUKTUR MIKRO DAN KEKERASAN LASAN JIS Z 3251 DF2A-350-R

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Basori Basori ◽  
Syamsuir Syamsuir
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Steel Material ◽  
Heat Treated

AbstrakDilakukan pengelasan dengan elektroda JIS Z 3251 DF2A-350-R dengan tiga variasi arus yaitu 120, 140 dan 160A. Pengelasan dilakukan satu lapis pada material baja karbon rendah. Setelah selesai pengelasan, spesimen langsung dicelupkan ke dalam air. Setelah mendingin kemudian spesimen dilakukan heat treatment dengan temperatur 1000 oC selama 10 menit kemudian dicelup dalam media coolant. Kemudian dilakukan uji kekerasan dan foto mikro. Hasil menunjukkan semakin tinggi arus maka akan semakin tinggi nilai kekerasan baik spesimen yang dicelup coolant maupun tidak. Kata kunci: SMAW, JIS Z 3251 DF2A-350-R, Coolant, Struktur Mikro dan Kekerasan AbstractWelding is done with JIS Z 3251 DF2A-350-R electrodes with three current variations 120, 140 and 160A. Welding is carried out in one layer on low carbon steel material. After welding, the specimen is immediately dipped in water. After cooling, then the specimens were heat treated with the temperature 1000 oC for 10 minutes then dipped in the coolant media. Then the hardness test and microstructure were carried out. The results show that the higher the current, the higher the hardness value whether or not the coolant is dyed. Keywords: SMAW, JIS Z 3251 DF2A-350-R, Coolant, Microstructure and Hardness

scholarly journals Hydrogen Embrittlement of the Additively Manufactured High-Strength X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5 Maraging Steel

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5073
Author(s):  
Angelina Strakosova ◽  
Michaela Roudnická ◽  
Ondřej Ekrt ◽  
Dalibor Vojtěch ◽  
Alena Michalcová
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
Maraging Steel ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Fracture Surface Morphology ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Before And After ◽  
A Current

The main aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of the additively manufactured high strength X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5 maraging steel to hydrogen embrittlement. For this purpose, samples produced by selective laser melting technology, before and after heat treatment, were used. The examined samples were electrochemically charged with hydrogen in NaCl + NH4SCN solution at a current density of 50 mA/cm2 for 24 h. The H content increased from about 1 to 15 ppm. Heat treatment did not affect the amount of H trapped in the maraging steel. Tensile testing revealed that the tensile strength of the H-charged samples was much lower than that of the uncharged samples. Moreover, the material became brittle after charging compared to the ductile as-printed and heat-treated samples with elongation values of 7% and 2%, respectively. The loss of plasticity was confirmed by fractography, which revealed transformation of the fracture surface morphology from dimple-like in the as-produced state to a brittle one with smooth facets in the H-charged state.

Microstructure of resistance spot welding of maraging steels

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 900-901
Author(s):  
I. Neuman ◽  
S.F. Dirnfeld ◽  
I. Minkoff
Keyword(s):  
Maraging Steel ◽  
Spot Welding ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Aging Treatment ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Maraging Steels ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Current Cycle ◽  
Welding Processes

Experimental work on the spot welding of Maraging Steels revealed a surprisingly low level of strength - both in the as welded and in aged conditions. This appeared unusual since in the welding of these materials by other welding processes (TIG,MIG) the strength level is almost that of the base material. The maraging steel C250 investigated had the composition: 18wt%Ni, 8wt%Co, 5wt%Mo and additions of Al and Ti. It has a nominal tensile strength of 250 KSI. The heat treated structure of maraging steel is lath martensite the final high strength is reached by aging treatment at 485°C for 3-4 hours. During the aging process precipitation takes place of Ni3Mo and Ni3Ti and an ordered solid solution containing Co is formed.Three types of spot welding cycles were investigated: multi-pulse current cycle, bi-pulse cycle and single pulsle cycle. TIG welded samples were also tested for comparison.The microstructure investigations were carried out by SEM and EDS as well as by fractography. For multicycle spot welded maraging C250 (without aging), the dendrites start from the fusion line towards the nugget centre with an epitaxial growth region of various widths, as seen in Figure 1.

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