scholarly journals Health considerations for transgender women and remaining unknowns: a narrative review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 204201881987116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean J. Iwamoto ◽  
Justine Defreyne ◽  
Micol S. Rothman ◽  
Judith Van Schuylenbergh ◽  
Laurens Van de Bruaene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Cognition And Aging ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Transgender (trans) women (TW) were assigned male at birth but have a female gender identity or gender expression. The literature on management and health outcomes of TW has grown recently with more publication of research. This has coincided with increasing awareness of gender diversity as communities around the world identify and address health disparities among trans people. In this narrative review, we aim to comprehensively summarize health considerations for TW and identify TW-related research areas that will provide answers to remaining unknowns surrounding TW’s health. We cover up-to-date information on: (1) feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT); (2) benefits associated with GAHT, particularly quality of life, mental health, breast development and bone health; (3) potential risks associated with GAHT, including cardiovascular disease and infertility; and (4) other health considerations like HIV/AIDS, breast cancer, other tumours, voice therapy, dermatology, the brain and cognition, and aging. Although equally deserving of mention, feminizing gender-affirming surgery, paediatric and adolescent populations, and gender nonbinary individuals are beyond the scope of this review. While much of the data we discuss come from Europe, the creation of a United States transgender cohort has already contributed important retrospective data that are also summarized here. Much remains to be determined regarding health considerations for TW. Patients and providers will benefit from larger and longer prospective studies involving TW, particularly regarding the effects of aging, race and ethnicity, type of hormonal treatment (e.g. different oestrogens, anti-androgens) and routes of administration (e.g. oral, parenteral, transdermal) on all the topics we address.

Breast development in male-to-female transgender patients after one year cross-sex hormonal treatment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blok Christel de ◽  
Maartje Klaver ◽  
Nienke Nota ◽  
Marieke Dekker ◽  
Heijer Martin den
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
One Year ◽  
Male To Female

A reflexive critique of a critical hermeneutics analysis of Wu Zetian

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-260
Author(s):  
Tianyuan Yu ◽  
Albert J. Mills ◽  
Niya Peng
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Critical Hermeneutics ◽  
Hermeneutic Circle ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Innovative Methodology ◽  
Historical Figure

Purpose Revisiting the critical hermeneutics analysis of Wu Zetian’s case in Peng et al.’s (2015) paper, the purpose of this paper is to explore the complexity and paradox of Wu Zetian as a historical figure, and to demonstrate the potential of critical hermeneutics as an innovative methodology to study gender, diversity and history. Moreover, the authors attempt to examine some of the potential challenges and limitations of this methodology and to provide an in-depth account of the socio-politics involved in the research process. Design/methodology/approach This is a reflexive critique based on a framework of four central concepts of critical hermeneutics (Prasad, 2005): questions of author intentionality, layers of texts, hermeneutic circle and relating to texts. Findings Critical hermeneutics has great potential as well as considerable challenges and limitations in the research areas of gender, diversity and history. Originality/value This paper offers a lucid exposition of what critical hermeneutics is about, how it might be applied to a particular case and potential challenges and limitations of this methodology. The study is intensely reflexive and context oriented, illustrating how a deepened understanding of critical hermeneutics leads to a more informed discussion of the possibilities and limitations of the methodology, and how researchers, editors and reviewers can be influenced by the context in which the study is conducted.

scholarly journals Tax Aggressiveness, Corporate Governance and Audit Fees: A Study of Listed Firms in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
E. A. Onatuyeh ◽  
I. Ukolobi
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Board Independence ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Aggressiveness ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Board Gender Diversity

The concept of audit fee has received immense empirical investigation in literature. However, these vast studies have not sufficiently explored the relation of the concept with tax aggressiveness and corporate governance. This study therefore sought to provide empirical evidence as to whether tax aggressive and corporate governance mechanisms are significantly associated with audit fees among listed firms in Nigeria. Leaning on the agency and stakeholder theories, the study examined the measures of tax aggressiveness of effective tax rate and cash tax rate as well as corporate governance mechanisms of board gender diversity, audit committee diligence, and board independence; and how these variables explain changes in external audit fees. A sample of one hundred and seven (107) firms from the entire firms quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange as at December, 2018 was utilised. Data were sourced solely from annual financial statements of the studied firms over a ten-year period (2009 to 2018). The panel regression technique, with preference for the random effect model based on the outcome of the Hausman test, was employed to estimate the balanced panel data. The results of the study showed that cash tax rate, audit committee diligence and board independence all exert positive and significant effect on audit fees. Surprisingly, the study revealed a positive but statistically insignificant link between board gender diversity and audit fees. This result may not be unconnected with the low presence of female directors on the board of the firms investigated. In light of the findings, we therefore recommend that more female gender should be allowed to sit on the boards of listed firms in Nigeria in line with the Norwegian model of 40% female gender representation and the Federal Government 35% Affirmative Action. We also recommend that board independence should be encouraged more so as to enhance their oversight functions, and promote quality financial reporting and audit amongst listed firms in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Corporate governance and company performance in Italy: Corporate law and regulation perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Caserio ◽  
Sara Trucco
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Board Governance ◽  
Corporate Board ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Governance Systems

This paper proposes an extensive analysis of corporate governance and corporate board practices in Italy, under different perspectives. First of all, through a literature review, the research aims to analyze the main effects of laws and regulations on corporate board practices in the Italian setting by taking into account the most important corporate board models in different types of companies. This study also highlights the different functions and responsibilities assigned to the boards, bodies and boards’ members, according to the governance system implemented – classic/traditional, dualistic, monistic. For each of these systems, the main issues are presented and the most important critical points are illustrated. Regarding the functions and the responsibility of the board members, the link between the board governance and company performance is discussed on the basis of the main literature, as well as the laws concerning the participation of women to the boards’ activities. Furthermore, the effects of gender diversity on company performance is analysed taking into account the main studies on this topic. Finally, the paper presents some conclusions and future research areas on the aforementioned topics: it proposes future empirical analysis on the effects that different governance systems, different board compositions and different roles of directors, as required by the law, may have on the performance of listed/unlisted companies and on family/non-family companies.

scholarly journals Diversity in Representations and Voices of Terminally Ill People in End-of-Life Documentaries

2021 ◽  
pp. 082585972110139
Author(s):  
Outi J. Hakola
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Terminally Ill Patients ◽  
Hospice And Palliative Care ◽  
Religion And Sexuality

Introduction: The 21st century has seen a proliferation of end-of-life documentary films and television documentaries that contribute to building a public image of hospice and palliative care. The way in which terminally ill patients are represented in these documentaries creates impressions of who is welcomed to receive end-of-life care. These documentary representations have not been previously mapped. Methods: Using quantitative content analysis, I analyzed 35 contemporary Western documentaries and studied their diversity in the representations. I focused on terminally ill patients who are given time and space in the narration to voice their views about the end-of-life process. I paid attention to such elements as gender, race and ethnicity, age, class, religion and sexuality. Results: The documentaries welcomed the representations and voices of terminally ill people. Class, religion and sexuality often had a marginal role in narration. The gender diversity of the representations was quite balanced. Regarding age, the documentaries preferred stories about working age patients for dramatic purposes, yet all age groups were represented. However, the documentaries had an identifiable racial and ethnic bias. With a few exceptions, terminally ill who had a personal voice in the narrations were white. In comparison, racial and ethnic minorities were either absent from most of the documentaries, or their role was limited to illustrations of the general story. Conclusions: End-of-life documentaries provide identifiable access to the patients’ experiences and as such they provide emotionally and personally engaging knowledge about hospice and palliative care. While these representations are people-oriented, they include racial disparities and they focus mostly on the experiences of white terminally ill patients. This bias reinforces the misleading image of hospice and palliative care as a racialized healthcare service.

scholarly journals Influence of Gender Diversity on Organization Performance at Kenya Urban Roads Authority

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Wesang’ula Salome Nang’oni ◽  
Appolonius Shitiabai Kembu
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Organization Performance ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Social Economic Development

Kenya’s social-economic development blueprint as anchored by vision 2030 envisages growth in the public sector as the hub to its realization. The sector’s infrastructure industry is to quadruple its contribution to GDP. In line with this concern, this study’s investigation focused on the influence on the influence of gender diversity on organization performance at the Kenya Urban Roads Authority. The study was conducted at Kenya Urban Roads Authority Headquarters, in Nairobi and the target population was all categories of employees of KURA. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Stratified random sampling was used. The population of the study was 150 and the sample size was 30% of the population which translated to 45 respondents. In order to collect data, structured questionnaires were issued to respondents. A pilot test was conducted to ascertain the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, a pretest and pilot survey was conducted. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 24) to calculate descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, and correlation and regression analysis. The findings were presented using tables and figures. The correlation findings demonstrated weak but positive and significant effects of age and education diversity on organization performance. The effect of gender diversity on organizational performance was weak, positive but not significant. The multiple regression results showed that gender diversity accounts for up to 41.3% of the variation in organizational performance of KURA. As a result, the study recommends the HR department of KURA to enhance gender diversity in the organization through practices such as providing opportunities for growth and advancement for women, having a career development that includes women, structuring the training and development program to meet the criteria/ requirement of the male and female gender, involving women in the decision-making process as much as men and ensuring that employees are positive about gender diversity.

Pubertal And Gonadal Outcomes In 46,XY Individuals With Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Raised As Girls

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Guaragna-Filho ◽  
Gil Guerra-Junior ◽  
Rieko Tadokoro-Cuccaro ◽  
Ieuan A. Hughes ◽  
Beatriz A. Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cell Tumour ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Androgen Insensitivity ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Abstract Purpose: Although it was common in the 1970s-1990s to assign female gender of rearing to 46,XY infants with limited virilisation of varying etiologies, including those with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), long-term data on outcomes for these individuals are sparse. Therefore, our goal was to use the power of an international registry to evaluate clinical features, surgical management and pubertal data in patients with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of PAIS who were born before 2008 and were raised as girls. Methods: The current study interrogated the I-DSD Registry for available data on management and pubertal outcomes in individuals with genetically confirmed PAIS who were raised as girls. Results: Among the 11 individuals who fulfilled the key criteria for inclusion the external masculinization score at presentation (EMS) ranged from 2 to 6 (median 5); 7 girls underwent gonadectomy before the age of 9 years, whereas 4 underwent gonadectomy in the teenage years (≥ age 13). Clitoral enlargement at puberty was reported for 3 girls (27%) who presented initially at the time of puberty with intact gonads. In the 9 individuals (82%) for whom gonadal pathology data were provided, there was no evidence of germ cell tumor at median age of 8.1 years. All girls received estrogen replacement and 8/11 had attained Tanner stage 4-5 breast development at last assessment. Conclusion: In general, although it appears that female assignment in PAIS is becoming uncommon, our data provide no evidence to support the practice of prophylactic prepubertal gonadectomy with respect to the risk of a germ cell tumour.

A REVIEW OF BREAST DEVELOPMENT IN CISGENDER WOMEN AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSGENDER WOMEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1338-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Reisman ◽  
Zil Goldstein ◽  
Joshua D. Safer
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Males And Females

Objective: The objective of this article is to describe the hormonal pathways required for breast development in cisgender women and to review the current available literature describing breast growth and breast cancer risk in transgender women. Methods: Literature review and discussion. Results: Early mammary tissue development occurs prenatally. This process is hormone-independent and occurs similarly in males and females. Breast tissue is quiescent until puberty, at which time surging estrogen levels in cisgender girls mediate breast development and growth. Adult breast tissue composition further evolves in cisgender women during pregnancy, lactation, and menopause, revealing the ever-changing interplay between breast structure and hormonal environment. Conclusion: Breast growth is a significant physical endpoint in the hormonal treatment of transgender women. Transgender hormone regimens, which typically pair an estrogen with an anti-androgen, can help achieve this goal.

scholarly journals Roadblocks and Opportunities to the Implementation of Novel Therapies for Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 205435811988051
Author(s):  
Paraish S. Misra ◽  
Vanessa Silva e Silva ◽  
David Collister
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Knowledge Translation ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Research Areas

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex and heterogeneous clinical syndrome with limited effective treatment options. Therefore, a coherent research structure considering AKI pathophysiology, treatment, translation, and implementation is critical to advancing patient care in this area. Purpose of review: In this narrative review, we discuss novel therapies for AKI from their journey from bench to bedside to population and focus on roadblocks and opportunities to their successful implementation. Sources of information: Peer-reviewed articles, opinion pieces from research leaders and research funding agencies, and clinical and research expertise. Methods: This narrative review details the challenges of translation of preclinical studies in AKI and highlights trending research areas and innovative designs in the field. Key developments in preclinical research, clinical trials, and knowledge translation are discussed. Furthermore, this article discusses the current need to involve patients in clinical research and the barriers and opportunities for effective knowledge translation. Key findings: Preclinical studies have largely been unsuccessful in generating novel therapies for AKI, due both to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease, as well as the limitations of commonly available preclinical models of AKI. The emergence of kidney organoid technology may be an opportunity to reverse this trend. However, the roadblocks encountered at the bench have not precluded researchers from running well-designed and impactful clinical trials, and the field of renal replacement therapy in AKI is highlighted as an area that has been particularly active. Meanwhile, knowledge translation initiatives are bolstered by the presence of large administrative databases to permit ongoing monitoring of clinical practices and outcomes, with research output from such evaluations having the potential to directly impact patient care and inform the generation of meaningful clinical practice guidelines. Limitations: There are limited objective data examining the process of knowledge creation and translation in AKI, and as such the opinions and research areas of the authors are significantly drawn upon in the discussion. Implications: The use of an organized knowledge-to-action framework involving multiple stakeholders, especially patient partners, is critical to translating basic research findings to improvements in patient care in AKI, an area where effective treatment options are lacking.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document