The prevalence of difficult airway and its associated factors in pediatric patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia: An observational study

Background: The airway of an anesthetized patient should be secured with an artificial airway for oxygenation or ventilation. Pediatrics are not small adults which means they are different from adults both anatomically and physiologically. This study aims to determine the prevalence of difficult airway and its associated factors in pediatric patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia in referral hospitals of Addis Ababa. Methods: A multi-centered cross-sectional study design was employed. The bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to measure the association between the dependent variable (pediatrics difficult airway) and independent variables. p-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results: A total of 290 pediatrics patients were included in this study. The prevalence of difficult airway in pediatrics patients who underwent surgery was 19.7%. In multivariate logistic regression, pediatrics patients less than 2 years of age (adjusted odds ratio = 6.768, 95% confidence interval = 2.024, 22.636), underweight pediatrics patients (adjusted odds ratio = 4.661, 95% confidence interval = 1.196, 18.154), pediatrics patients having anticipated difficult airway (adjusted odds ratio = 18.563, 95% confidence interval = 4.837, 71.248), history of the difficult airway (adjusted odds ratio = 8.351, 95% confidence interval = 2.033, 34.302), the experience of anesthetists less than 4 years of age (adjusted odds ratio = 9.652, 95% confidence interval = 2.910, 32.050) had a significant association with pediatrics difficult airway. Conclusion: Being pediatric patients less than 2 years of age, underweight pediatrics patients, having anticipated difficult airway, those anesthetists who do not perform enough pediatric cases were identified as the main factors associated with the greater occurrence of difficult airway in pediatric patients.

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Incidence and associated factors of postdural puncture headache for parturients who underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Ethiopia; 2019

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/20503121211051926 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 205031212110519

Author(s):

Basazinew Chekol Demilew ◽

Aragaw Tesfaw ◽

Alemitu Tefera ◽

Bekalu Getnet ◽

Keder Essa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Spinal Anesthesia ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Postdural Puncture Headache ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽

Repeated Attempt

Introduction and Objective: Postdural puncture headache is one of the most frequent late complications of spinal anesthesia. There are different factors that might predispose for postdural puncture headache. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess the incidence of postdural puncture headache and its associated factors for parturients who gave birth by cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Methods: Hospital-based longitudinal study was conducted on mothers who underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were employed. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to measure the association of factors with the presence of postdural puncture headache. A p-value of ⩽0.05 was used to decide statistical significance for multivariable logistic regression. Result: A total of 119 parturients were participated in this study. The incidence of postdural puncture headache was 20.2%. According to multivariable logistic regression, having previous spinal anesthesia (adjusted odds ratio = 7.028; 95% confidence interval = 2.377–20.781; p = 0.0001), using 20- and 22-gauge needle (adjusted odds ratio = 4.206; 95% confidence interval = 1.247–14.187; p = 0.021), and repeated attempt (adjusted odds ratio = 4.699; 95% confidence interval = 1.594–13.872; p = 0.05) had statistically significant association with postdural puncture headache. Conclusion: Larger gauge needle size, repeated attempt, and previous spinal anesthesia might increase the incidence of postdural puncture headache.

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Severe stunting and its associated factors among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia; multilevel ordinal logistic regression model

Italian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s13052-021-01110-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amare Muche ◽

Reta Dewau

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Maternal Height ◽

Severe Stunting ◽

Mothers And Children ◽

Ordinal Logistic Regression Model

Abstract Background In Ethiopia, stunting is the most common form of undernutriton. Identifying the determinants of severe stunting among children is crucial for public health interventions to improve child health. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants of severe stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A two stage stratified cluster sampling technique was used. A multilevel ordinal logistic regression model was fitted to identify independent determinants. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and median odds ratio (MOR) with its 95% confidence interval at p-value< 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. Results The result of this study showed that about 18% of the children were severely stunted. Being male increased the severity of stunting in children by 26% adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09–1.46), compared to female sex; over-weight mothers increased the severity of stunting in their children AOR: 3.43 (95% CI: 2.21–5.33) compared to normal BMI mothers; and children from middle, poorer, and poorest wealth index households were 1.84 (95% CI:1.27–2.67), 2.13 (95% CI, CI:1.45–3.14) and 2.52 (95% CI,1.72–3.68). In contrast, severe stunting was reduced by 62% (AOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20–0.74) and 48% (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37–0.72) in children of educated mothers compared to children of uneducated mothers and children of underweight mothers compared with those children of normal BMI mothers respectively. For each one-unit increase in maternal height, there is a 5% significant reduction in the child’s odds of being severely stunted. After controlling for other factors, the effect of predictors on the likelihood of stunting in high risk clusters increased by a median odds ratio (MOR) of 1.83 (95% CI: 1.69–2.00). Conclusions The magnitude of severe childhood stunting was still high with regional variation in Ethiopia. Child age, sex, maternal height, age, education and household wealth index as well as administrative regions were significantly associated factors with severe stunting. Significant interventions shall be implemented at the individual, household and community levels in order to reduce the problem.

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Stunting at birth and associated factors among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245528 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0245528

Author(s):

Almaz Tefera Gonete ◽

Bogale Kassahun ◽

Eskedar Getie Mekonnen ◽

Wubet Worku Takele

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Short Stature ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The University

Background Stunting at birth is a chronic form of undernutrition majorly attributable to poor prenatal nutrition, which could persist in children’s later life and impact their physical and cognitive health. Although multiple studies have been conducted in Ethiopia to show the magnitude of stunting and factors, all are concentrated on children aged between 6 to 59 months. Therefore, this study was done to determine the prevalence and associated factors of stunting at birth among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 26th to April 25th/2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used, to select a total of 422 newborn-mother pairs. The binary logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with stunting and all independent variables were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model to adjust for confounders. Variables that had significant association were identified based on p-value < 0.05 and the adjusted odds ratio with its respective 95% confidence interval was applied to determine the strength as well as the direction of the association. Results About 30.5% (95% CI: 26.3%, 35.1%) of newborns were stunted at birth. Being male [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.9(1.62, 5.21)], newborns conceived in Kiremt(rainy season) [AOR = 2.7(1.49, 4.97)], being low birth weight [AOR = 3.1(1.64, 6.06)] were factors associated with stunting at birth. Likewise, newborns born to short stature mothers [AOR = 2.8(1.21, 6.62)] and chronically malnourished mothers [AOR = 15.3(8.12, 29.1)] were at greater risk of being stunted. Conclusion Just under a third of newborns are stunted at birth, implying a pressing public health problem. Newborns born to chronically malnourished and short stature mothers were more stunted. Besides, stunting was prevalently observed among male neonates, newborns conceived in Kiremet, and being low birth weight. Thus, policymakers and nutrition programmers should work on preventing maternal undernutrition through nutrition education to reduce the burden of low birth weight and stunting. Further, paying due attention to newborns conceived in Kiremet season to improve nutritional status is recommended.

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Association of guideline publication and delays to treatment in pediatric status epilepticus

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000010174 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 95 (9) ◽

pp. e1222-e1235

Author(s):

Iván Sánchez Fernández ◽

Nicholas S. Abend ◽

Marta Amengual-Gual ◽

Anne Anderson ◽

Ravindra Arya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Status Epilepticus ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Convulsive Status Epilepticus ◽

Hospital Arrival ◽

Time To Treatment ◽

Patient Interviews ◽

Record Review

ObjectiveTo determine whether publication of evidence on delays in time to treatment shortens time to treatment in pediatric refractory convulsive status epilepticus (rSE), we compared time to treatment before (2011–2014) and after (2015–2019) publication of evidence of delays in treatment of rSE in the Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG) as assessed by patient interviews and record review.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected dataset from June 2011 to September 2019 on pediatric patients (1 month–21 years of age) with rSE.ResultsWe studied 328 patients (56% male) with median (25th–75th percentile [p25–p75]) age of 3.8 (1.3–9.4) years. There were no differences in the median (p25–p75) time to first benzodiazepine (BZD) (20 [5–52.5] vs 15 [5–38] minutes, p = 0.3919), time to first non-BZD antiseizure medication (68 [34.5–163.5] vs 65 [33–142] minutes, p = 0.7328), and time to first continuous infusion (186 [124.2–571] vs 160 [89.5–495] minutes, p = 0.2236). Among 157 patients with out-of-hospital onset whose time to hospital arrival was available, the proportion who received at least 1 BZD before hospital arrival increased after publication of evidence of delays (41 of 81 [50.6%] vs 57 of 76 [75%], p = 0.0018), and the odds ratio (OR) was also increased in multivariable logistic regression (OR 4.35 [95% confidence interval 1.96–10.3], p = 0.0005).ConclusionPublication of evidence on delays in time to treatment was not associated with improvements in time to treatment of rSE, although it was associated with an increase in the proportion of patients who received at least 1 BZD before hospital arrival.

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High Baseline CD4 Count and Exclusive Breastfeeding Are Associated with Lower Rates of Mother to Child HIV Transmission in Northwestern Uganda: A Two-Year Retrospective Cohort Study

Advances in Public Health ◽

10.1155/2018/4140254 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jonathan Izudi ◽

Pontius Apangu ◽

Francis Bajunirwe ◽

Edgar Mulogo ◽

Vincent Batwala

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

World Health ◽

High Baseline ◽

Health Organization

Background. Under Option B plus, the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) along the Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV cascade remains unknown. We described HIV transmission along the EID cascade and determined associated factors at Arua Regional Referral Hospital, Northwestern Uganda. Methods. Data on 295 mother-baby pairs in EID care (January 2014 and April 2015) was extracted, cleaned, and analysed in STATA. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. Independently associated factors were stated in adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-values. Results. 233 (89.0%) mothers were above 30 years, 251 (85.1%) were in World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages I/II at enrolment, 170 (57.6%) attended antenatal care (ANC) visits during recent pregnancy, and 204 (69.1%) delivered in a health facility. Meanwhile, 257 (87.1%) HIV Exposed Infants (HEIs) received Nevirapine prophylaxis from birth up to 6 weeks and 245 (83.0%) were exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months. Of 295 mother-baby pairs, 25 (8.5%) HEIs turned HIV-positive along the EID cascade. Baseline maternal CD4 count of more than 500 cells/ul compared to less than 500 cells/ul (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.10–0.85; p = 0.024) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the first 6 months of delivery in contrast to not EBF in the first 6 months (AOR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.52–0.55; p = 0.003) reduced HIV transmission. Meanwhile, ANC visits, place of delivery, time of Nevirapine initiation, and maternal antiretroviral therapy use were not significantly associated with infant HIV transmission. Conclusion. HIV transmission was high. High baseline CD4 count and exclusive breastfeeding reduced HIV transmission.

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Urinary incontinence and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public health facilities of Mekelle city, Tigray, Ethiopia

Women s Health ◽

10.1177/1745506520952009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 174550652095200

Author(s):

Arsema Berhe ◽

Abayneh Alamer ◽

Kiflom Negash ◽

Belete Assefa

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Urinary Incontinence ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Pelvic Floor ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Pelvic Floor Muscle ◽

Mekelle City

Background: Urinary incontinence is any involuntary leakage of urine. It has serious negative health impacts on quality of life in pregnant women. According to the scientific committee of the International Continence Society report, worldwide prevalence of urinary incontinence estimated ranges between 32% and 64% among pregnant women. However, there is scarcity of evidence on prevalence and associated factors of urinary incontinence in Ethiopia. Objective: The aims of this study were to assess prevalence and associated factors of urinary incontinence among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public health facilities of Mekelle city, Tigray, Ethiopia. Methodology: Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Physical examination was done to assess the strength of pelvic floor muscles. The data were entered to EPI Info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done to investigate the factors associated with urinary incontinence. Results: Among 317 respondents, the prevalence of urinary incontinence was 23%. The contributing factors that had statistically significant association with urinary incontinence were gestational age (adjusted odds ratio: 9.6 (1.87–49.39, 95%), parity (adjusted odds ratio: 6.32 (1.48–27.05), 95% confidence interval), prior miscarriage (adjusted odds ratio: 6.28 (2.15–18.28), 95% confidence interval), constipation (adjusted odds ratio: 8.25 (3.12–21.84), 95% confidence interval), respiratory problem (adjusted odds ratio: 6.31 (2.05–19.43), 95% confidence interval), and weak pelvic floor muscle (adjusted odds ratio: 7.55 (2.51–22.67), 95% confidence interval). Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary incontinence is moderate compared to other studies. Gestational age, parity, prior miscarriage, having constipation, having respiratory problem, and weak pelvic floor muscle had significant association with urinary incontinence. This finding will help to increase the awareness of health care professionals involved in the care of pregnant women about urinary incontinence.

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Magnitude of Turnover Intention and Associated Factors Among Nurses Working in Emergency Departments of Governmental Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross sectional institutional based study.

10.21203/rs.2.21566/v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andualem Wubetie Aniley ◽

Biniyam Taye ◽

Biruk Girma

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Turnover Intention ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Educational Status ◽

Intention To Leave ◽

Monthly Income ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Turnover intention is a probability of an employee to leave the current institution within a certain period due to various factors. It is the strongest predictor of actual turnover expected to increase as the intention increases. Emergency Department (ED) nurses are especially vulnerable to high turnover because of their increased risk of developing burnout and compassion fatigue associated with the work environment. This study is aimes to assess nurses’ intention to leave emergency departments and associated factors at selected governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted on 102 nurses in three selected governmental hospitals, Addis Ababa from February 19 to March 31, 2018, using a structured pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. The logistic regression model was used and an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was calculated to identify associated factors.Result: A total of 102 respondents were involved with a response rate of 91.1%. Among them, 79 (77.5%) respondents had the intention to leave the current working unit of the emergency department or hospital. Significant predictive factors of nurses' intention to leave their institutions are educational status (adjusted odds ratio (OR) =4.700, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.033- 50.772; p<0.048), monthly income of less than 3145 Birr (adjusted OR=6.05, 95% CI=1.056-34.641; p<0.043) and professional autonomy (adjusted OR=0.191, 95% CI=0.040- 0.908; p<0.037).Conclusion: More than 77% of the respondents have the intention to leave their current working place of the emergency unit. Educational status, monthly income, and autonomy were significantly associated with emergency nurses’ turnover intention in three governmental hospitals. Emergency leaders and hospital managers should have made efforts to enhance nurses' decision making for patient care activities and shared decision overwork or unit related activities.

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Magnitude of Turnover Intention and Associated Factors Among Nurses Working in Emergency Departments of Governmental Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross sectional institutional based study.

10.21203/rs.2.21566/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andualem Wubetie Aniley ◽

Biniyam Taye ◽

Biruk Girma

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Turnover Intention ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Educational Status ◽

Intention To Leave ◽

Monthly Income ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: The turnover intention is a probability of an employee to leave his or her current job within a certain period due to various factors. It is the strongest predictor of actual turnover which is expected to increase as the intention increases. Emergency Department(ED) nurses are especially vulnerable to turnover because of their increased potential for developing burnout and compassion fatigue in which the work environment has a great role. Objective : To assess the magnitude and associated factors that affect turnover intention among nurses working in emergency departments of selected governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted on 102 nurses in three selected governmental hospitals, Addis Ababa from February 19 to March 31, 2018, using a structured pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression model was used and adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was calculated to identify associated factors. Result: A total of 102 respondents were involved with a response rate of 91.1%. Among them, 79 (77.5%) respondents had the intention to leave the current working unit of the emergency department or hospital. Significant predictive factors of nurses' intention to leave their jobs are educational status (adjusted odds ratio (OR) =4.700, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.033- 50.772; p <0.048), monthly income of Less than 3145 ETB (adjusted OR=6.05, 95% CI=1.056-34.641; p <0.043) and professional autonomy (adjusted OR=0.191, 95% CI=0.040- 0.908; p <0.037). Conclusion: more than 75% of the respondents has intention to leave their current working place of emergency unit. Educational status; monthly income and autonomy were significantly associated with emergency nurses‟ turnover intention in three governmental hospitals. Emergency leaders and hospital managers should have made efforts to enhance nurses' decision making for patient care activities and shared decision overwork or unit related activities.

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Dementia is Associated With Poorer Quality of Care and Outcomes After Stroke: An Observational Study

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glaa139 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michele L Callisaya ◽

Tara Purvis ◽

Katherine Lawler ◽

Amy Brodtmann ◽

Dominique A Cadilhac ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Quality Of Care ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Processes Of Care ◽

Pooled Data ◽

People With Dementia ◽

Assess Quality

Abstract Background To determine whether preexisting dementia is associated with poorer quality of care and outcomes after stroke in the acute hospital phase. Method This was a retrospective analysis of pooled data from the Australian Stroke Foundation national audit conducted in 2015 and 2017. Dementia status was obtained from the medical records. Processes of care to assess quality included: stroke unit care, time-dependent therapy, nursing/allied health assessments, and preparation for discharge. Outcomes included in-hospital complications, independence on discharge, and destination. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between dementia status and processes of care. Multilevel random effects logistic regression, with level defined as hospital, was used to examine associations between dementia status and outcomes. Results There were 683/7,070 (9.7%) audited patients with dementia included. Patients with dementia were less likely to be treated in stroke units (58.3% vs 70.6%), receive thrombolysis if an ischemic stroke (5.8% vs 11.1%), have access within 48 hours to physiotherapy (56.4% vs 69.7%) or occupational therapy (46.8% vs 55.6%), see a dietitian if problems with nutrition (64.4% vs 75.9%), or have mood assessed (2.6% vs 12.3%). Patients with dementia were more likely to receive no rehabilitation (adjusted odds ratio 1.88, 95% confidence interval 1.25, 2.83) and be discharged to residential care (adjusted odds ratio 2.36, 95% confidence interval 1.50, 3.72). Conclusion People with dementia received poorer quality of care and had worse outcomes after stroke. Our findings raise questions regarding equity and the need for better understanding of why the quality of care differs after stroke for people with dementia.

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Prevalence of depressive symptoms due to COVID-19 and associated factors among healthcare workers in Southern Ethiopia

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/20503121211032810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 205031212110328

Author(s):

Zelalem Jabessa Wayessa ◽

Girma Tufa Melesse ◽

Elias Amaje Hadona ◽

Wako Golicha Wako

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Medical Illness ◽

The West

Objectives: Globally, novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly since it was first identified and challenging the provision of essential services for low-resource countries. Healthcare workers involved in providing care are at high risk of developing mental health problems. The aim of this was to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms due to COVID-19 and associated factors among healthcare workers in the West Guji zone in public health facilities, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in public health facilities found in the West Guji zone. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select 283 study subjects. This study was used to assess the prevalence of depression symptoms using Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, a depression subscale. Descriptive statistics, binary and multiple logistic regressions were used. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence interval will be estimated to assess the strength of associations and statistical significance will be declared at a p-value < 0.05. Results: Out of 283 eligible healthcare workers, 275 respondents had participated in this study with a 97.2% response rate. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 21.5%. The independent predictors associated with depressive symptoms due to COVID-19 were age (adjusted odds ratio = 2.35, 95% confidence interval = 1.126–3.95), family size (adjusted odds ratio = 3.56, 95% confidence interval = 1.09–11.62), alcohol use (adjusted odds ratio = 4.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.76–10.55), medical illness (adjusted odds ratio = 9.56, 95% confidence interval = 3.71–24.59), having training on COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio = 0.37, 95% confidence interval = 0.17–0.81), and lack of knowledge on COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio = 15.34, 95% confidence interval = 6.32–37.21). Conclusion: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among healthcare workers due to COVID-19 was high. Factors associated with depressive symptoms were age, family size, alcohol use, medical illness, having training on COVID–19, and lack of knowledge on COVID-19.

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