scholarly journals Effort, Avolition, and Motivational Experience in Schizophrenia: Analysis of Behavioral and Neuroimaging Data With Relationships to Daily Motivational Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-568
Author(s):  
Adam J. Culbreth ◽  
Erin K. Moran ◽  
Sri Kandala ◽  
Andrew Westbrook ◽  
Deanna M. Barch
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Effort Allocation ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of

Recent research suggests that schizophrenia is associated with reduced effort allocation. We examined the willingness to expend effort, neural correlates of effort allocation, and the relationship of effort to daily motivational experience in individuals with schizophrenia. We recruited 28 individuals with schizophrenia and 30 control participants to perform an effort task during functional MRI. Individuals with schizophrenia also completed a protocol involving ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Individuals with schizophrenia with severe negative symptoms were less willing to expend effort for rewards. Daily EMAs of motivation were positively associated with effort allocation on a trend level. Individuals with schizophrenia and control participants displayed similar increases in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activation in frontal, cingulate, parietal, and insular regions during effort-based decision making. However, negative symptoms were associated with reduced BOLD activation in the bilateral ventral striatum. These results replicate previous reports of reduced effort allocation in patients with severe negative symptoms and provide evidence for the role of the ventral striatum in effort impairments.

The Relationship of Three Cortical Regions to an Information-Processing Model

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Anderson ◽  
Yulin Qin ◽  
V. Andrew Stenger ◽  
Cameron S. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Information Processing Model ◽  
Response Hand ◽  
Equation Solving ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Relationship Of

This research tests a model of the computational role of three cortical regions in tasks like algebra equation solving. The model assumes that there is a left parietal region-of-interest (ROI) where the problem expression is represented and transformed, a left prefrontal ROI where information for solving the task is retrieved, and a motor ROI where hand movements to produce the answer are programmed. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of an abstract symbolmanipulation task was performed to articulate the roles of these three regions. Participants learned to associate words with instructions for transforming strings of letters. The study manipulated the need to retrieve these instructions, the need to transform the strings, and whether there was a delay between calculation of the answer and the output of the answer. As predicted, the left parietal ROI mainly reflected the need for a transformation and the left prefrontal ROI the need for retrieval. Homologous right ROIs showed similar but weaker responses. Neither the prefrontal nor the parietal ROIs responded to delay, but the motor ROI did respond to delay, implying motor rehearsal over the delay. Except for the motor ROI, these patterns of activity did not vary with response hand. In an ACT-R model, it was shown that the activity of an imaginal buffer predicted the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response of the parietal ROI, the activity of a retrieval buffer predicted the response of the prefrontal ROI, and the activity of a manual buffer predicted the response of the motor ROI.

Late Onset Involuntary Movements in Chronic Schizophrenia: Relationship of ‘Tardive’ Dyskinesia to Intellectual Impairment and Negative Symptoms

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 616-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Waddington ◽  
H. A. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Intellectual Impairment ◽  
Medication History ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Relationship Of

Intellectual impairment, negative symptoms, and medication history were assessed in chronic schizophrenic patients with and without abnormal involuntary movements (tardive dyskinesia). Patients with involuntary movements had received neither longer nor more intensive treatment with neuroleptics or anticholinergics. However, the presence or absence of involuntary movements was prominently associated with the presence or absence of intellectual impairment/negative symptoms; these features are characteristic of the defect state/type II syndrome of schizophrenia, in which structural abnormalities of the brain may be over-represented. The role of subtle organic changes in conferring vulnerability to the emergence of such involuntary movements should be re-evaluated.

scholarly journals Role of blood oxygen level-dependent MRI in differentiation of acute renal allograft dysfunction

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Hira Lal ◽  
Ezaz Mohamed ◽  
Neelam Soni ◽  
Priyank Yadav ◽  
Manoj Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Allograft ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Allograft Dysfunction

scholarly journals The middle cingulate cortex and dorso-central insula: A mirror circuit encoding observation and execution of vitality forms

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (44) ◽  
pp. e2111358118
Author(s):  
G. Di Cesare ◽  
M. Marchi ◽  
G. Lombardi ◽  
M. Gerbella ◽  
A. Sciutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Form Processing ◽  
Forms Of Vitality ◽  
Middle Cingulate Cortex

Actions with identical goals can be executed in different ways (gentle, rude, vigorous, etc.), which D. N. Stern called vitality forms [D. N. Stern, Forms of Vitality Exploring Dynamic Experience in Psychology, Arts, Psychotherapy, and Development (2010)]. Vitality forms express the agent’s attitudes toward others. In a series of fMRI studies, we found that the dorso-central insula (DCI) is the region that is selectively active during both vitality form observation and execution. In one previous experiment, however, the middle cingulate gyrus also exhibited activation. In the present study, in order to assess the role of the cingulate cortex in vitality form processing, we adopted a classical vitality form paradigm, but making the control condition devoid of vitality forms using jerky movements. Participants performed two different tasks: Observation of actions performed gently or rudely and execution of the same actions. The results showed that in addition to the insula, the middle cingulate cortex (MCC) was strongly activated during both action observation and execution. Using a voxel-based analysis, voxels showing a similar trend of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in both action observation and execution were found in the DCI and in the MCC. Finally, using a multifiber tractography analysis, we showed that the active sites in MCC and DCI are reciprocally connected.

Stage 2: The Cardiovascular Mechanisms of Interoceptive Awareness: Effects of Resonance Breathing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateo Leganes-Fonteneau ◽  
Marsha Bates ◽  
Neel Muzumdar ◽  
Anthony Pawlak ◽  
Shahriar Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Bodily Sensations ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Afferent Signaling

Interoception, the ability to perceive internal bodily sensations, and heart rate variability (HRV) share common physiological pathways, including the baroreflex feedback loop. The baroreflex can be activated by resonance breathing, wherein respiration is paced at 6 times per minute (0.1Hz), eliciting immediate physiological changes and longer-term therapeutic responses.This registered report characterizes baroreflex functioning as a cardiac mechanism of interoception in a two-session study (n=67). The heartbeat discrimination task was used to obtain indices of interoceptive accuracy, sensibility and metacognition. Baroreflex functioning was measured as HRV at 0.1Hz and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS); high frequency (HF) HRV was calculated as a control. Cardiovascular indices were measured at baseline and during active and control paced breathing after which changes in interoception were measured.The first hypothesis was that baseline baroreflex functioning would predict individual differences in interoceptive awareness. The second hypothesis was that resonance breathing would increase participants’ ability to detect their own heartbeats, and that this effect would be mediated by increases in 0.1Hz HRV and BRS. Data were collected upon in principle acceptance of the manuscript.We found a negative relationship of interoceptive accuracy with baseline HF HRV and BRS, and a positive relationship between metacognitive interoception and 0.1HZ HRV, BRS and HF HRV. We found that changes in 0.1Hz HRV and BRS during resonance breathing positively correlate with increases in interoceptive accuracy. Our results show that the extent to which breathing recruits the resonant properties of the cardiovascular system can facilitate the conscious perception of participants’ heartbeats. We interpret this as an increase in vagal afferent signaling and baroreflex functioning following resonance breathing. We put forward an alternative explanation that HRV modulation can reduce interoceptive prediction errors, facilitating the conscious perception of interoceptive signals, and consider the role of resonance breathing on mental health from an interoceptive inference perspective.

scholarly journals Interictal cortical hyperresponsiveness in migraine is directly related to the presence of aura

Cephalalgia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritobrato Datta ◽  
Geoffrey K Aguirre ◽  
Siyuan Hu ◽  
John A Detre ◽  
Brett Cucchiara
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Visual Discomfort ◽  
Bold Fmri ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
And Control

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the interictal cortical response to a visual stimulus between migraine with aura (MWA), migraine without aura (MwoA), and control subjects. Methods In a prospective case-control study, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) was used to assess the response to a visual stimulus and arterial spin labeled perfusion MR to determine resting cerebral blood flow. A standardized questionnaire was used to assess interictal visual discomfort. Results Seventy-five subjects (25 MWA, 25 MwoA, and 25 controls) were studied. BOLD fMRI response to visual stimulation within primary visual cortex was greater in MWA (3.09 ± 0.15%) compared to MwoA (2.36 ± 0.13%, p = 0.0008) and control subjects (2.47 ± 0.11%, p = 0.002); responses were also greater in the lateral geniculate nuclei in MWA. No difference was found between MwoA and control groups. Whole brain analysis showed that increased activation in MWA was confined to the occipital pole. Regional resting cerebral blood flow did not differ between groups. MWA and MwoA subjects had significantly greater levels of interictal visual discomfort compared to controls ( p = 0.008 and p = 0.005, respectively), but this did not correlate with BOLD response. Conclusions Despite similar interictal symptoms of visual discomfort, only MWA subjects have cortical hyperresponsiveness to visual stimulus, suggesting a direct connection between cortical hyperresponsiveness and aura itself.

Reward Processing in Adolescents with Depression

2019 ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
Georgia O’Callaghan ◽  
Argyris Stringaris
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Future Work

The role of aberrant neural processing of rewards in the development of depression has long been proposed. This commentary reviews the reward literature in adolescent depression across imaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography methodologies. When integrating findings across studies, consistent neural abnormalities emerge, expressed as reduced striatal blood oxygen level-dependent responses to anticipation and feedback outcome phases of reward tasks, altered frontostriatal connectivity, and blunted feedback-related negativity potentials. These are observed in current depression but, more importantly, have been found to be predictive of the onset of depression in longitudinal studies with community-based adolescent samples. The evidence for the specificity of these findings to depression is discussed, in addition to a review of intervention work probing this mechanism as it relates to decreases in depressive symptomatology. The chapter makes recommendations for future work that may continue to elucidate this relationship, a greater understanding of which may lead to more targeted and efficacious treatments for depression in adolescence.

scholarly journals Transferrin is a major determinant of hepcidin expression in hypotransferrinemic mice

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Bartnikas ◽  
Nancy C. Andrews ◽  
Mark D. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Hepcidin Expression ◽  
Tissue Iron ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Deficient Mice

AbstractAs a central regulator of iron metabolism, hepcidin inhibits dietary iron absorption and macrophage iron recycling. Its expression is regulated by multiple factors including iron availability and erythropoietic activity. To investigate the role of transferrin (Tf) in the regulation of hepcidin expression by these factors in vivo, we employed the hypotransferrinemic (hpx) mouse. These Tf-deficient mice have severe microcytic anemia, tissue iron overload, and hepcidin deficiency. To determine the relationship of Tf levels and erythropoiesis to hepcidin expression, we subjected hpx mutant and control mice to a number of experimental manipulations. Treatment of hpx mice with Tf injections corrected their anemia and restored hepcidin expression. To investigate the effect of erythropoiesis on hepcidin expression, we suppressed erythropoiesis with blood transfusions or myeloablation with chemotherapeutic drugs. Transfusion of hpx animals with wild-type red blood cells led to increased hepcidin expression, while hepcidin expression in myeloablated hpx mice increased only if Tf was administered postablation. These results suggest that hepcidin expression in hpx mice is regulated both by Tf-restricted erythropoiesis and by Tf through a mechanism independent of its role in erythropoiesis.

scholarly journals To Evaluate the Damage of Renal Function in CIAKI Rats at 3T: Using ASL and BOLD MRI

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-bo Chen ◽  
Long Liang ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Chun-ling Liu ◽  
Hong-jun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Outer Medulla ◽  
Bold Mri ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
And Control

Purpose. To investigate noninvasive arterial spin-labeling (ASL) and blood oxygen level-dependent imaging (BOLD) sequences for measuring renal hemodynamics and oxygenation in contrast induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) rat.Materials and Methods. Thirteen SD rats were randomly grouped into CIAKI group and control group. Both ASL and BOLD sequences were performed at 24 h preinjection and at intervals of 0.5, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postinjection to assess renal blood flow (RBF) and relative spin-spin relaxation rate(R2*), respectively.Results. For the CIAKI group, the value of RBF in the cortex (CO) and outer medulla (OM) of the kidney was significantly decreased (P<0.05) at 12–48 h and regressed to baseline level (P=NS) at 72–96 h. In OM, the value ofR2*was increased at 0.5–48 h (P<0.05) and not statistically significant (P=NS) at 72 and 96 h. Conclusions. RBF in OM and CO and oxygen level in OM were decreased postinjection of CM. ASL combining BOLD can further identify the primary cause of the decrease of renal oxygenation in CIAKI. This approach provides means for noninvasive monitoring renal function during the first 4 days of CIAKI in clinical routine work.

scholarly journals A role for GABA in the modulation of striatal and hippocampal systems under stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Dolfen ◽  
Menno P. Veldman ◽  
Mareike A. Gann ◽  
Andreas von Leupoldt ◽  
Nicolaas A. J. Puts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Motor Sequence Learning ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Post Intervention

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that stress modulates the competitive interaction between the hippocampus and striatum, two structures known to be critically involved in motor sequence learning. These earlier investigations, however, have largely focused on blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) responses. No study to date has examined the link between stress, motor learning and levels of striatal and hippocampal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This knowledge gap is surprising given the known role of GABA in neuroplasticity subserving learning and memory. The current study thus examined: a) the effects of motor learning and stress on striatal and hippocampal GABA levels; and b) how learning- and stress-induced changes in GABA relate to the neural correlates of learning. To do so, fifty-three healthy young adults were exposed to a stressful or non-stressful control intervention before motor sequence learning. Striatal and hippocampal GABA levels were assessed at baseline and post-intervention/learning using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Regression analyses indicated that stress modulated the link between striatal GABA levels and functional plasticity in both the hippocampus and striatum during learning as measured with fMRI. This study provides evidence for a role of GABA in the stress-induced modulation of striatal and hippocampal systems.

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