scholarly journals Educational Attainment and Nonwage Labor Market Returns in the United States

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 233285841987405
Author(s):  
Lauren Schudde ◽  
Kaitlin Bernell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Labor Market Returns ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

Although decades of research highlight the impact of schooling on earnings, less evidence exists regarding other employment outcomes. Nonwage labor market returns to education are important in the United States, where health insurance and retirement income are typically tied to employment. Using longitudinal, nationally representative data, we examine the role of educational attainment in predicting nonwage employment outcomes and control for a host of individual and institutional measures. Even after controlling for individual and institutional characteristics, results indicate that educational attainment predicts employment and markers of “good” jobs, like access to employer-provided health and dental insurances, retirement plans, and paid leave. Furthermore, by delineating between various subbaccalaureate levels of college attainment, our results illustrate the complex variation in returns to college for those who did not complete a 4-year degree.

The relationship between income inequality and inequality in schooling

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Government Education ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Children of affluent parents get more schooling than children of poor parents, which seems to imply that reducing income inequality would reduce inequality in schooling. Similarly, one of the best predictors of an individual’s income is his educational attainment, which seems to imply that reducing inequality in schooling will reduce income inequality. Economic theory predicts that all else being equal an increase in income inequality will lead to an increase in inequality of educational attainment. Empirical estimates suggest that when income inequality increased in the United States so did inequality in educational attainment. But changes in government education policies reduced the impact of the increase in income inequality on inequality in schooling. Economic theory also predicts that all else being equal an increase in inequality of educational attainment will result in greater inequality of earnings. But unequal schooling does not account for much of the variance in income, so equalizing schooling will do little to reduce the overall variation in economic success among adults.

COVID-19 and the Costs of Deadly Disasters

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 366-370
Author(s):  
Sydney C. Ludvigson ◽  
Sai Ma ◽  
Serena Ng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
The Impact

Using monthly data on costly natural disasters affecting the United States over the last 40 years, we estimate 2 time series models and use them to generate predictions about the impact of COVID-19. We find that while our models yield reasonable estimates of the impact on industrial production and the number of scheduled flight departures, they underestimate the unprecedented changes in the labor market.

scholarly journals The Effect of Diabetes on the Cognitive Trajectory of Older Adults in Mexico and the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline C Avila ◽  
Silvia Mejia-Arangom ◽  
Daniel Jupiter ◽  
Brian Downer ◽  
Rebeca Wong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives To study the impact of diabetes on the long-term cognitive trajectories of older adults in 2 countries with different socioeconomic and health settings, and to determine whether this relationship differs by cognitive domains. This study uses Mexico and the United States to confirm if patterns hold in both populations, as these countries have similar diabetes prevalence but different socioeconomic conditions and diabetes-related mortality. Methods Two nationally representative cohorts of adults aged 50 years or older are used: the Mexican Health and Aging Study for Mexico and the Health and Retirement Study for the United States, with sample sizes of 18,810 and 26,244 individuals, respectively, followed up for a period of 14 years. The outcome is cognition measured as a total composite score and by domain (memory and nonmemory). Mixed-effect linear models are used to test the effect of diabetes on cognition at 65 years old and over time in each country. Results Diabetes is associated with lower cognition and nonmemory scores at baseline and over time in both countries. In Mexico, diabetes only predicts lower memory scores over time, whereas in the United States it only predicts lower memory scores at baseline. Women have higher total cognition and memory scores than men in both studies. The magnitude of the effect of diabetes on cognition is similar in both countries. Discussion Despite the overall lower cognition in Mexico and different socioeconomic characteristics, the impact of diabetes on cognitive decline and the main risk and protective factors for poor cognition are similar in both countries.

scholarly journals Sibling Similarity in Education Across and Within Societies

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Grätz ◽  
Kieron J. Barclay ◽  
Øyvind N. Wiborg ◽  
Torkild H. Lyngstad ◽  
Aleksi Karhula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Background ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Grades ◽  
Sibling Correlations ◽  
Sibling Similarity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The extent to which siblings resemble each other measures the omnibus impact of family background on life chances. We study sibling similarity in cognitive skills, school grades, and educational attainment in Finland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We also compare sibling similarity by parental education and occupation within these societies. The comparison of sibling correlations across and within societies allows us to characterize the omnibus impact of family background on education across social landscapes. Across countries, we find larger population-level differences in sibling similarity in educational attainment than in cognitive skills and school grades. In general, sibling similarity in education varies less across countries than sibling similarity in earnings. Compared with Scandinavian countries, the United States shows more sibling similarity in cognitive skills and educational attainment but less sibling similarity in school grades. We find that socioeconomic differences in sibling similarity vary across parental resources, countries, and measures of educational success. Sweden and the United States show greater sibling similarity in educational attainment in families with a highly educated father, and Finland and Norway show greater sibling similarity in educational attainment in families with a low-educated father. We discuss the implications of our results for theories about the impact of institutions and income inequality on educational inequality and the mechanisms that underlie such inequality.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Household Perceptions of Water Costs across the United States: A Survey Based Approach

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Laura Medwid ◽  
Elizabeth A. Mack
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Issues

Research analyzing perceptions of water services has focused on water quality, water safety, and the propensity to consume water from different sources. It has not assessed perceptions of water costs. To address this knowledge gap, this study collected nationally representative survey data from households in the United States about water issues and incorporated these data into logistic regression models. In doing so, our study advances the water and public policy literature in three ways. One, it addresses the need for household resolution information about water issues given the absence of data at this scale in the United States. Two, it creates and utilizes one-of-a-kind survey data to understand the perceptions of household water bills and the drivers of these perceptions. Three, we assess the impact of proposed solutions to improve water affordability on household perceptions of water costs. Model results indicate low-income and households in underrepresented groups were more likely to perceive their water bills to be too high. The perception of water costs also varied geographically. From a policy perspective, model results indicate utilities can positively affect perceptions of water bills via the frequency of water billing and provision of payment assistance programs.

scholarly journals A NEW FUNCTION OF PRISON INDUSTRY AND PRIVATE PRISONS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

2017 ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Emil Turković
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
State Government ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison Labor ◽  
Penal Reform ◽  
The Impact

In the 1990s, various countries had a different approach to the problems related to prisoners’ labor. In the United States, the concept of prison labor could survive only in such developed states as New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts which could cope with the burden of keeping unproductive prisons. Under the impact of the penal reform and upon the adoption of new penal legislation in these states, the old American tradition of labor prisons gave way to a new standard which implied that convicted offenders had to learn different crafts while in prison but they were excluded from the public labor market when at large. The new industrial program, which was thus engendered, has significantly contributed to spreading the reformist functions of prison labor. Organized prison labor had always been strongly supported by penal reformers in the north of the United States but, in the mid-1980s, as the penal reformers moved away from that part of the United States, the concept of organized prison labor no longer had a significant political and legislative impact. The influence of penal reformers and the idea of instituting convict labor (but without competition in the labor market) had a strong influence on government politicians both at the federal and state government levels. The reformers endeavored to ensure the prisoners’ welfare and enable all prisoners to work and participate in the labor market as competitive workforce, both by leasing their labor and through the sale of final products on the free market.

Labor Supply Decisions, Occupational Segregation, and Intergenerational Income Mobility – Germany and the United States Compared

2009 ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Veronika Eberharter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
The Impact

The article directs attention to the structuring effects of humancapital variables and family-background characteristics on labor supply decisions, occupational segregation, and intergenerational income mobility in the United States and Germany - two countries with different institutional labor market settings and family role patterns. The article tests the hypothesis that the impact of family-background characteristics on labor supply decisions, sex or gender segregation, and intergenerational transmission of social and economic status is more expressed in societies with traditional role patterns. Using data from the international version of the Cross-National Equivalent File (PSIDGSOEP), the results of the static labor supply model show that gender and education significantly determine the individual labor market participation in both the countries. Occupational gender segregation is more pronounced in Germany than in the United States. The contribution of the occupational groups to total gender segregation differs by country but not by marital status. We find stronger evidence for the impact of individual- and family-background characteristics on the intergenerational heritage of social status in the United States than in Germany.

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