Wealth inequality, redistribution and local development: The case of land reform in Italy

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Percoco
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
The North ◽  
Using Data

The role of wealth inequality for local development has long been neglected, although some literature has pointed out its relevance in explaining entrepreneurial and education investment. Among the typologies of assets composing individuals’ wealth, land is of paramount importance in underdeveloped economies specialised in agriculture. Land reforms in terms of redistribution of land ownership are hence expected to boost development through an increase in entrepreneurship rate and human capital stock. In this paper, we consider land reform in Italy, which took place in the 1950s in specific areas across the country. By adopting an Oaxaca-Blinder regression method and using data at a city level on the implementation of the reform for Puglia–Basilicata–Molise in the South of Italy and, as robustness checks, for Maremma in the Centre and Delta del Po in the North of Italy, we have found a positive impact of land redistribution on human capital accumulation and a less significant impact on employment and firm location.

scholarly journals Human Capital Disparities and Earnings Inequality in The Portuguese Private Labour Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derick R. C. Almeida ◽  
João A. S. Andrade ◽  
Adelaide Duarte ◽  
Marta Simões
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Returns To Schooling ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThis paper examines human capital inequality and how it relates to earnings inequality in Portugal using data from Quadros de Pessoal for the period 1986–2017. The objective is threefold: (i) show how the distribution of human capital has evolved over time; (ii) investigate the association between human capital inequality and earnings inequality; and (iii) analyse the role of returns to schooling, together with human capital inequality, in the explanation of earnings inequality. Our findings suggest that human capital inequality, computed based on the distribution of average years of schooling of employees working in the Portuguese private labour market, records a positive trend until 2007 and decreases from this year onwards, suggesting the existence of a Kuznets curve of education relating educational attainment levels and education inequality. Based on the decomposition of a Generalized Entropy index (Theil N) for earnings inequality, we observe that inequality in the distribution of human capital plays an important role in the explanation of earnings inequality, although this role has become less important over the last decade. Using Mincerian earnings regressions to estimate the returns to schooling together with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition of real hourly earnings we confirm that there are two important forces associated with the observed decrease in earnings inequality: a reduction in education inequality and compressed returns to schooling, mainly in tertiary education.

Conservation and privatization decisions in land reform of New Zealand’s high country

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Adena R Rissman ◽  
Molly C Daniels ◽  
Peter Tait ◽  
Xiaojing Xing ◽  
Ann L Brower
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Conservation Easement ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Ecological Values

Summary Neoliberal land reforms to increase economic development have important implications for biodiversity conservation. This paper investigates land reform in New Zealand’s South Island that divides leased state-owned stations (ranches) with private grazing leases into state-owned conservation land, private land owned by the former leaseholder and private land under protective covenant (similar to conservation easement). Conserved lands had less threatened vegetation, lower productivity, less proximity to towns and steeper slopes than privatized lands. Covenants on private land were more common in intermediate zones with moderate land-use productivity and slope. Lands identified with ecological or recreational ‘significant inherent values’ were more likely to shift into conserved or covenant status. Yet among lands with identified ecological values, higher-threat areas were more likely to be privatized than lower-threat areas. This paper makes two novel contributions: (1) quantitatively examining the role of scientific recommendations about significant inherent values in land reform outcomes; and (2) examining the use of conservation covenants on privatized land. To achieve biodiversity goals, it is critical to avoid or prevent the removal of land-use restrictions beyond protected areas.

Does Salaried Status Affect Human Capital Accumulation?

ILR Review ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon E. Haber ◽  
Robert S. Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Salaried Workers ◽  
Hourly Workers ◽  
Using Data

Human capital studies do not usually consider whether an individual is paid an hourly wage or a salary. The authors of this paper develop a conceptual framework that explains why some workers are paid salaries and predicts that salaried workers will invest more in human capital than will hourly workers. In particular, this prediction hinges on the differing effort incentives facing hourly and salaried workers, and their employers, in jobs that are paced versus unpaced. Empirical evidence supporting this prediction and other hypotheses implied by the proposed framework is presented using data on individuals covering a 16-month period in 1984–85 from the Bureau of Census Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a longitudinal survey.

Intellectual Capital Investment, Stakeholders' Value, Firm Market Value and Financial Performance: The Case of Tunisia Stock Exchange

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedia Fourati ◽  
Habib Affes
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Market Valuation ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of intellectual capital investment in improving the firm's market value, stakeholders' value and financial performance. Using data drawn from 21 listed companies in Tunisia Stock Exchange, we conducted two studies. On one hand, from using Charreaux (Charreaux (2006). La valeur partenariale: Vers une mesure opérationnelle. Cahier de FARGO no. 1061103, November) measure of stakeholders' value, we demonstrate that financials come to present the weakest stakeholders' value and clients monopolises in term of value acquisition due to a weak ability of negotiation of firms. On the other hand, we construct a regression model of Pulic's value added intellectual capital investment (VAIC) as the measure of the value added from intellectual capital, in market valuation and financial performance. Our results stressed the fact that there is a positive impact of intellectual capital by human capital efficiency and capital employed efficiency on improving firm's market value. Nevertheless, financial performance measured by ROA is still justified by the traditional measure relying on capital employed efficiency. Indeed for Tunisian quoted firms, human capital investment is a pilar for ameliorating firm market valuation of financial performance.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial intention of engineering students: the role of motivations and barriers

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. first
Author(s):  
Bich Huy Hai Bui ◽  
Minh Tien Pham
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Statistical Regression ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Entrepreneurial Motivations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to explore perceptions of entrepreneurial motivations and barriers and to assess their influence on the entrepreneurial intention of engineering students. Using data of 350 respondents who are students at HCMC University of Technology, VNU-HCM, the study identifies the key motives and barriers towards entrepreneurship. The data are then subjected to statistical regression in order to identify causal relationships between the motivations, barriers, and entrepreneurial intention. The results indicate that creativity, independence, and economic motivation have a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention and that the most important motivator for the entrepreneurial intention of engineering students is creativity. On the contrary, lack of knowledge is the only barrier (an internal barrier) that impedes the students' intention of entrepreneurship. These results imply that the students' entrepreneurial intention is more affected by internal factors (for both motivations and barriers) than external factors. In terms of the relative power of the effects of motives and barriers on students' entrepreneurial intention, the results suggest that the impact of motivations is generally more powerful than that of barriers. The findings have important implications for educators and policymakers.

English Apprenticeship: A Neglected Factor in the First Industrial Revolution

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Contract Enforcement ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Poor Children

This chapter examines the role of apprenticeship in the British Industrial Revolution. The apprenticeship system contributed in four ways. First, it provided training of necessary skills in the expanding area of employment and newer sectors. Second, it promoted efficient training among masters and men. Third, it reduced the transaction costs involved in transferring resources from agriculture to non-agriculture and facilitated the expansion of sectors which promoted trade and commerce. Finally, apprenticeship saved poor children from social exclusion and enabled them to become more productive adults. The chapter also suggests that the apprenticeship system also created a structure of contract enforcement which ensured that both masters and trainees would derive the benefits from human capital accumulation.

scholarly journals Environmental Policy of Mangroves Management in Rembang Regency

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 09002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Roziqin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Mangrove Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

Mangrove area is an area overgrown mangrove in a natural or artificial, to maintain the environmental sustainability of coastal areas. In addition to maintaining the ecosystem of biodiversity, the mangrove area also has a role to social-economic, and socio-cultural. Rembang regency is one of the districts on the north coast of Java which has a large mangrove area. However, due to the high economic activity in the region of Rembang Regency, the mangrove area becomes less and damaged. This research to describe how environmental policy to manage mangrove area in Rembang regency with qualitative descriptive approach. The result is the role of government and society gradually able to restore mangrove ecosystem. Moreover the district government through Environmental Agency has made a masterplan for the development of mangrove ecotourism in Pasarbanggi Village. The existence of sustainable mangrove conservation has a positive impact on the environment and society.

Reform and resistance: The political economy of land and planning reform in Kenya

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1164-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
The Political ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Public Land Management ◽  
Land Politics ◽  
Human Rights Movement ◽  
Land Question

In August 2010, Kenyans voted to adopt a new Constitution. Amongst its many provisions was devolved governance, which established 47 independent counties each led by a directly elected governor and legislative assembly. The Constitution also sought to address the country’s ‘land question’ by radically reworking land institutions and administration. The Constitution introduced an independent body, the National Land Commission, empowered to oversee public land management and allocation. Constitutional provisions devolved significant powers and responsibilities in land management and planning to the county level. These reforms – stressing transparency, accountability and greater community participation in land planning and administration – were intended to halt endemic corruption at the Ministry of Lands, address land injustices, enhance tenure security, and facilitate better-functioning land markets. This paper examines the unfolding institutional reform around land pursuant to the 2010 Constitution. It explores the political economy of land in Kenya by examining incentives for and impediments to institutional change toward better land management and long sought-after land justice. As with many reforms adopted throughout the Global South, Kenya’s land reforms were premised on ‘getting the incentives right’. Incentivising behaviour is extremely complicated in a sector as complex, dynamic and profitable as the land sector. The research highlights the role of urban planners, actors rarely examined in the literature on Kenya’s land politics. Kenya’s faltering land reform is a result of the internal conflicting incentives of land actors and the fact that no legal reform will be sufficient to alter entrenched behaviour without renewed pressure from a broad-based land justice/human rights movement.

scholarly journals Human Capital and Regional Economic Growth in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-80
Author(s):  
Boris Alekhin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Regional Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita

This study examines the contribution of human capital accumulation to regional economic growth using panel data for 82 subjects of the Russian Federation over 2002–2019. This paper aims to test the hypothesis that in the long-run equilibrium there exists a connection between economic growth and human capital accumulation in the regions of Russia. From the point of view of econometrics, it would mean that we should refute the hypothesis that there is no cointegration of time series describing the aforementioned variables. General theoretical framework was drawn from the neoclassical growth theory, and panel data econometrics suggested the appropriate empirical methodology. Pooled mean group and fully modified least squares estimators were applied to an autoregressive distributed lags model based on the Solow model. The results indicate that accumulation of human capital has a positive and statistically significant long-term impact on the rate of growth of per capita income and that these variables are cointegrated. Such calculations allow us to make the following conclusions: per capita GRP is cointegrated with physical and human capital on the regional level. The cointegrating equation ‘explained’ more than 90% of per capita GRP variance. Human capital accumulation had a significant positive impact on per capita GRP growth in the long run; such impact exceeded the impact of physical capital accumulation. The positive impact of human capital accumulation on per capita GRP growth surpassed the negative elasticity of growth GRP by the amount of resource excluded from the real sector to provide support to students and maintain the regional education system. The paces at which regional economies were heading towards the steady state differed which is an evidence that there exist an incredible manifold of ways and means for regions to adjust to disbalancies

scholarly journals “VIETNAMESE CONSUMES VIETNAMESE PRODUCTS”: THE ROLE OF ETHNOCENTRISM, PERCEIVED QUALITY AND PERCEIVED PRICE ON WILLINGNESS TO BUY

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Hau Nguyen Le ◽  
Quynh Truc Tran ◽  
Anh Duc Le
Keyword(s):  
Structural Model ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Willingness To Buy ◽  
Perceived Price ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Products

This study investigates the impact of ethnocentrism, perceived quality and perceived price on the extent of consumer willingness to buy domestic garment products. A structural model has been estimated using data collected from 422 consumers in HCM city. The results indicate that perceived price and ethnocentrism have direct positive impacts and perceived quality have indirect positive impact on the willingness to buy domestic products. Perceived quality and ethnocentrism also have an impact on the perceived price. Based on these findings, theoretical as well as managerial implications have been discussed.

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