scholarly journals Predicting neighborhood racial change in large US metropolitan areas, 1990–2010

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1022-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ellis ◽  
Richard Wright ◽  
Lee Fiorio ◽  
Steven Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Racial Change ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
White Majority

Neighborhoods in US metropolitan areas experienced dramatic changes in racial composition during the 1990s and again during the 2000s. We ask to what extent does the recent period of neighborhood racial change reflect an extension of the local processes operative in the 1990s, processes characteristic of large metropolitan areas or the nation more generally, or reflect new dynamics. After classifying neighborhoods in US metropolitan areas into different types based on their racial composition and having harmonized a set of tracts to consistent boundaries, we use metropolitan-scale tract transition matrices from the 1990s to predict changes in neighborhood racial mix between 2000 and 2010. To capture scale effects, we repeat this using a set of pooled metropolitan-scale tract transition matrices and again using a national tract transition matrix. We show that the main dynamic at work across the metropolitan system is the underprediction of moderately diverse white majority tracts: i.e., in the 2000s, the rate of increase in the racial diversity of white majority tracts that transitioned from being predominantly white to moderately diverse was much higher than expected based on 1990s trends. In some metropolitan areas, shares of moderately diverse white tracts in 2010 are anticipated by their 1990s neighborhood dynamics, suggesting temporal stability and a locational specificity in these processes. Others experience a temporal rupture in these dynamics, and their moderately diverse white tract share is better anticipated by pooling transition information. The study also invites us to think about the nature of residential change currently taking place that we can capture in 2020 census data.

Racial composition and trajectories of gentrification in the United States

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802096385
Author(s):  
Zawadi Rucks-Ahidiana
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Predominately White ◽  
Racial Change ◽  
Racial Demographics ◽  
Black And Latino

Prior studies suggest that middle-income Americans are more likely to move to predominately white, low-income neighbourhoods than predominately black or Latino neighbourhoods. Given that black and Latino neighbourhoods are, on average, lower income and higher in poverty than low-income, white neighbourhoods, it may be that gentrification in these neighbourhoods is a different kind of change than that occurring in predominately white neighbourhoods. Using Census data from 1970 to 2010 for 275 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, I find that racial composition influences not only whether gentrification occurs, but how it occurs and whether it influences racial demographics. Majority white gentrifying tracts were more likely to experience an increase in higher-income residents and white residents, while majority non-white gentrifying tracts experienced an increase in higher-educated but not higher-income residents, and an increase in white residents and decrease in black and Latino residents. Racial composition thus contributed to the kind of gentrification that a tract experienced and the extent to which gentrification produced racial change. These findings suggest that race affects not only where gentrification occurs, as previously established, but also the kind of class and racial changes a neighbourhood experiences. Ultimately, this article suggests that gentrification neither unfolds in one way nor affects all neighbourhoods the same way.

scholarly journals The Instability of Highly Racially Diverse Residential Neighborhoods in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wright ◽  
Mark Ellis ◽  
Steven R. Holloway ◽  
Gemma Catney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Black Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racially Diverse ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Diversity

This research concerns the location and stability of highly racially diverse census tracts in the United States. Like some other scholars, the authors define such tracts conservatively, requiring the significant presence of at least three racialized groups. Of the approximately 65,000 tracts in the country, there were 197 highly diverse tracts in 1990 and 998 in 2010. Most were located in large metropolitan areas. Stably integrated highly diverse tracts were the exception rather than the rule. The vast majority of highly diverse tracts transitioned to that state from being predominantly White. Those that transitioned from being highly racially diverse were most likely to transition to being majority Latino. Although the absolute level of metropolitan racial diversity has no effect on the stability of high-diversity tracts, change in both metropolitan-scale racial diversity and population raise the probability of a tract’s transitioning to high diversity. Metropolitan-scale racial diversity did not affect the stability of highly diverse tracts, but it did alter the patterns of succession from them. The authors also found that highly diverse tracts were unstable and less likely to form in metropolitan areas with high percentages of Blacks. Increased metropolitan-level diversity mutes this Black population share effect by reducing the probability of high-diversity tract succession to a Black majority.

scholarly journals Changing boundaries: Overcoming modifiable areal unit problems related to unemployment data in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol Volume 112 (Number 3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Weir-Smith ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
Areal Interpolation ◽  
Unemployment Data ◽  
Municipal Boundaries ◽  
Longitudinal Comparison

Abstract The longitudinal comparison of census data in spatial format is often problematic because of changes in administrative boundaries. Such shifting boundaries are referred to as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). This article utilises unemployment data between 1991 and 2007 in South Africa to illustrate the challenge and proposes ways to overcome it. Various censuses in South Africa use different reporting geographies. Unemployment data for magisterial districts of census 1991 and 1996 were re-modelled to the 2005 municipal boundaries. This article showed that areal interpolation to a common administrative boundary could overcome these reporting obstacles. The results confirmed more accurate interpolations in rural areas with standard errors below 3300. Conversely, the largest errors were recorded in the metropolitan areas. Huge increases in unemployment between 1996 and 2001 statistics were also evident, especially in the metropolitan areas. Although such areas are more complex in nature, making it more difficult to accurately calculate census data, the increase in unemployment could also be the result of census taking methods. The article concludes that socio-economic data should be available at the smallest possible geographic area to ensure more accurate results in interpolation. It also recommends that new output areas be conceptualised to create a seamless database of census data from 1991 to 2011 in South Africa.

scholarly journals Scale effects on land loss modeling in the Mississippi River Delta

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Nina S.-N. Lam ◽  
Heng Cai ◽  
Lei Zou ◽  
Kam-biu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mississippi River ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Neighborhood Size ◽  
Mississippi River Delta ◽  
Land Loss ◽  
Loss Modeling

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In complex natural-human system modeling, often times a first step is to examine the relationships between a dependent variable and a number of independent variables at their locations. The neighborhood effect, also known as a scale effect, has seldom been considered in the analysis. Previous research has shown that scale effects affect the reliability of analysis results, and rigorous scientific studies should take an extra step to examine the scale effects for more accurate analysis and modeling. However, detecting the neighborhood effects of various variables and then incorporating them into a holistic modeling system posts a serious challenge because of the fundamental difference in properties between variables from the human component (e.g., census data) and variables from the natural component (e.g., landscape properties). Moreover, uncertainties involved in data, data scale, algorithms, and scale of analysis make the findings and the interpretations of the findings unreliable. A major issue of modeling neighborhood effects is the determination of appropriate neighborhood size, also known as the spatial context scale or the operational scale. It has been shown in the literature that neighborhood effects vary with the neighborhood size used to compute the effects. Thus, research on how to determine the neighborhood size that best captures the scale of operation of a phenomenon is very much needed so that we can have more confidence in the modeling results.</p><p>This study examines the use of variogram in detecting the appropriate neighborhood size of the variables involved in land loss modeling in the Mississippi River Delta. The goal is to find out the best combination of variables and their neighborhood sizes that best explain the variation of land loss patterns in the Deltaic region. The Mississippi River Delta has been suffering substantial land loss during the past several decades. Land loss has been a subject of intense research by many researchers from multiple disciplines, aiming at mitigating the land loss process and its potential damages. However, a majority of land loss projections were derived solely from the natural processes, such as sea level rise, regional subsidence, and reduced sediment flows. Very few studies have incorporated human-induced factors such as land fragmentation, urbanization, energy industrialization, and marine transportation. Even fewer have studied the scale effects. A study that captures and quantifies both natural and human factors as well as their neighborhood effects would help uncover the complex mechanism of land loss and provide a more accurate spatiotemporal projection of land loss patterns and probability.</p><p>The analysis procedures are as follows. (1) First, the study area is rasterized into 1-km by 1-km grids. (2) A set of natural and human variables related to land loss in the deltaic region are collected. (3) Variogram analysis of each variable is conducted to identify the spatial neighborhood size of each variable, and a neighborhood variable for each independent variable is created. (4) Elastic Net regression analysis is applied to test and select the significant variables that affect land loss. Regression results between the model with and the model without neighborhood variables are compared. Through this study, we should be able to derive a more accurate land loss model for detailed analysis and future projections.</p>

Organizing Diversity: Scales of Demographic Change and Neighborhood Organizing in St Paul, MN

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1091-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah G Martin ◽  
Steven R Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
District Council ◽  
Ethnic And Racial Diversity

Neighborhood involvement in urban governance remains a pressing goal in an era of globalization. Cities have instituted a variety of structures to facilitate this involvement, including quasi-formal neighborhood or district councils. At the same time, urban populations are changing rapidly because of multiple dynamics operating at multiple scales. Immigration, for example, continues to transform inner-city neighborhoods despite the emergence of suburban immigrant enclaves. Existing research inadequately addresses the interaction between efforts to organize neighborhood political involvement and the dynamic nature of urban populations. We examine St Paul, Minnesota—a locale with a well-established neighborhood district-council system and a vibrant and rapidly growing immigrant community. Indeed, immigrants from Southeast Asia and East Africa are moving into neighborhoods that up until the early 1990s were predominantly white. Using a multimethod empirical analysis, we argue that the district-council system, while recognizing and empowering local-level organization, fails to provide adequate resources for neighborhoods to address social dynamics that operate at much broader scales. An index of ethnic and racial diversity computed with census data shows that St Paul experienced a significant overall increase in diversity during the 1990s. Although inner-city neighborhoods remained the most diverse, residential areas developed after World War 2 also diversified considerably. Interviews with neighborhood organizers based in part on tabular and cartographic displays revealed a wide variety of strategies and responses to changing ethnic and racial diversity. Predominant, however, was a mismatch between the scale at which demographic change occurs, and the scale of ‘neighborhood’ action embedded within the district-council system.

Does Diversity Matter? School Racial Composition and Academic Achievement of Students in a Diverse Sample

2020 ◽  
pp. 004208592090225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jameela Conway-Turner ◽  
Joseph Williams ◽  
Adam Winsler
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
White Students ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
School Diversity ◽  
Research Findings

Research findings on school diversity and its impact on children’s educational outcomes is mixed. This study examined school racial diversity and educational outcomes for ethnically diverse students. Data came from third graders, N = 33,857 (51.8% male; 57.2% Latinx), in 278 schools. Using multilevel models, we examined the association between school racial composition and academic outcomes. Results showed that increased school diversity was negatively related to academic achievement, but this association was moderated by race. For White students, more equal representation was positively related to academic achievement, but this association was negative for Black and Latinx students.

Residential Patterns among Religious Groups in Canadian Cities

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Fong ◽  
Elic Chan
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison

This study, based on 2001 Canadian census data for 16 census metropolitan areas, explores residential segregation among eight religious groups. We include non–Christian religious groups to reflect the emerging religious diversity of Canadian society. Our study provides the first comprehensive comparison of the residential patterns of people affiliated with major religious groups in Canada. We argue that each religion is associated with unique sets of religious institutional behaviors, which in turn shape each religious group's relationships with other religious groups. In this study, we identify four religious institutional behaviors that can affect the residential segregation of various religious groups: institutional orientation of religious community services, subcultural identity, religious identity, and discrimination. The findings indicate that these religious institutional behaviors are related to the residential segregation patterns of different religious groups.

Race and American Judaism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira K. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
American Jews ◽  
Jewish Immigration ◽  
American Judaism ◽  
American Jewry ◽  
Civil Rights Movements ◽  
The Face ◽  
White Majority ◽  
American Jewish

Jews in America have had a complex relationship to race. At times, they have been described as a racial minority, whereas at other times, they have been able to assimilate into the white majority. Jewish status has largely depended on whether white Americans felt, in any given moment, socially secure. Jews have therefore fared better during times of economic prosperity. This social instability has strongly affected their relationship to African Americans. Jews, who have a strong sense of themselves as outsiders, have often identified with African American struggles but feared that overt solidarity would endanger their own status as white. Nevertheless, American Jews were disproportionately represented in the civil rights movements. Lastly, while American Jewish are predominantly Ashkenazi, which is to say of Central and Eastern European heritage, contemporary American Jewry is increasingly racially diverse, in part because of Jewish immigration from other parts of the world but also because of interfaith marriage, conversion, and adoption. This increased racial diversity has caused problems in the contemporary American Jewish community, but it is also changing the face of it.

scholarly journals Are Knowledge-Intensive Services an Urban Growth Factor in the Global Periphery? (Un)Fulfilled Possibilities in the Large Metropolitan Areas of Mexico

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Boris Graizbord ◽  
Luis Enrique Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Service Economy ◽  
Spatial Logic ◽  
Economic Census ◽  
Knowledge Intensive

In this paper, we analyze the labor productivity of “knowledge-intensive services” (KIS) located in the four larger metropolitan areas in Mexico. We discuss the accepted explanation to why big cities concentrate the best and most qualified jobs and activities that generate innovative and technological change and therefore labor productivity. In Mexico this is the case for some knowledge-intensive sectors, but some paradoxes emerge when services are disaggregated by analytical, synthetic, and symbolic categories. We use disaggregated economic census data for 2004 and 2014 to find changes in labor productivity in those KIS sectors compared to the metropolitan service economy. In fact, we can identify different spatial logic according to the type of knowledge that KIS produce. Results show unexpected paradoxes in terms of type of KIS category viz a viz their location and growth performance in the four larger metropolitan areas.

Crime and Neighborhood Change in the Nation’s Capital: From Disinvestment to Gentrification

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110053
Author(s):  
Tanya Golash-Boza ◽  
Hyunsu Oh
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Black People ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Racial Change ◽  
Black Neighborhoods ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
High Crime ◽  
The Relationship

Research on crime and neighborhood racial composition establishes that Black neighborhoods with high levels of violent crime will experience an increase in Black residents and concentrated disadvantage—due to the constrained housing choices Black people face. Some studies on the relationship between gentrification and crime, however, show that high-crime neighborhoods can experience reinvestment as well as displacement of Black residents. In Washington, DC, we have seen both trends—concentration of poverty and segregation as well as racial turnover and reinvestment. We employ a spatial analysis using a merged data set including crime data, Census data, and American Community Survey (ACS) data to analyze the relationship between crime and neighborhood change at the Census tract level. Our findings demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between periods of neighborhood decline and ascent, between the effects of property and violent crime, and between racial change and socioeconomic change.

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