scholarly journals Do house price-earnings ratios in England and Wales follow a power law? An application of Lavalette’s law to district data

2021 ◽  
pp. 239980832110538
Author(s):  
David Gray
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
House Price ◽  
Spatial Variables ◽  
Sigma Convergence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Urban Scaling ◽  
Ranking Order ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation ◽  
Over Time

This paper considers Lavalette’s function and its applicability to district house price-earnings ratios. Drawing on work in the urban scaling literature and Zipf’s law, in conjunction with finance theories of pricing and affordability, the paper considers how stable the distribution of ratios is over time, how robust the ranking order of ratios is in the face of variations in affordability over 2004–2019, and proffers an explanation for the shape and movement of the distribution. It draws on issues found in the economic growth literature where sigma-convergence is applied to spatial variables, and a narrowing of the distribution is said to indicate convergence. It proposes that, when plotted over time, the Lavalette exponent and Spearman’s correlation coefficient point to divergence and rank-order stability.

scholarly journals A simple measure of beta-convergence revisited

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802096262
Author(s):  
David Gray
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Mortgage Debt ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
Price Distribution ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Sigma Convergence ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time

Convergence among regions to long-run, non-zero income differentials is predicted by mainstream and alternative spatial theories. A variety of convergence, considered by Sala-i-Martin, focuses on the rank order over time. As some must be growing faster than others, intra-distributional mobility implies convergence of regions. A measure of this from Boyle and McCarthy is the trend in rank concordance. As it is a measure of similarity between a given distribution and other sample periods, we propose that Kendall’s criterion ranking coefficient, combined with concordance, provides better insight into intra-distributional mobility and convergence. Agreement with a distribution can be traced over a series to highlight the mobility over time. This has the advantage of revealing whether mobility entails converging from, reverting to or converging to an order. Although there are phases of sigma-convergence and divergence, what is found in an analysis of regional house prices is that the rank-order is little affected by cycle phase. In trend, the UK price distribution appears to converge to a hierarchy, corresponding better with a very large monocentric urban model or Zipf-type, than a core–periphery-type distribution of prices. The broadening of price spreads is likely to be facilitated by the liberalisation of finance seen elsewhere, and by an appetite for greater mortgage debt.

Economic growth and the politics of entitlement

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 97-125
Author(s):  
Robin Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
The Face ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Default Assumption ◽  
Over Time

Discussions of economic growth in antiquity have been primarily concerned with whether or not it occurred. Can we, from the array of unsystematic and often random information we have about individual and community wealth, and in the face of our very considerable ignorance about even such basic matters as population levels, find ways of measuring either aggregate or per capita growth? The second focus of scholarly energy has been on how growth might have been achieved, on levels of productivity and what limited them, on how institutions might have impeded or facilitated growth, and on the degree to which barriers may have been deliberately removed over time and growth consciously encouraged. This paper is not directly interested in either of those sets of questions. It is interested in who wanted growth in the first place.The default assumption in discussions of growth often seems to be, at least implicitly, that it is brought about either by need or by greed. The desire of individuals to satisfy their needs more fully leads to an increase in, at the very least, aggregate productivity, and might be expected inevitably to drive growth from the supply side. The desire of individuals to increase their consumption drives growth from the demand side. The default assumptions tend to stop there, as ifwhat counts as need is absolute, a matter of a certain minimum number of calories or ‘wheat equivalent’ a day, and as if greed is simply part of human nature.

Regret in the Face of Bereavement: Adaptation to Loss Over Time

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicky Newton ◽  
Cynthia Torges ◽  
Abigail Stewart ◽  
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema
Keyword(s):  
The Face ◽  
Over Time

Uneven Decoupling

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Thombs ◽  
Xiaorui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ecological Modernization ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Treadmill Of Production ◽  
Global North ◽  
Organization Of Production ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The macro-comparative decoupling literature has often sought to test the arguments made by the treadmill of production (TP) and ecological modernization (EM) theories. However, due to data limitations, these studies have been limited to analyzing the years after 1960. Given that both theories discuss historical processes operating before 1960, analyzing pre-1960 data is warranted to more comprehensively test the propositions made by both theories. We assess the long-term relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions from 1870 to 2014 using a sample of global North nations. We use Prais-Winsten regression models with time interactions to assess whether, when, and how much CO2 emissions have decoupled from economic growth over time. We find that significant relative decoupling has occurred twice since 1870: during the last 30 years of the nineteenth century, the timing of which is contrary to what both the EM and TP theories might expect, and after 1970. We also observe that the relationship remained relatively stable from the turn of the twentieth century to approximately 1970, which aligns with the arguments made by the classical TP work. We conclude that shifts in the global organization of production have shaped the magnitude of the economic growth–CO2 emissions relationship and its changes over time, which has implications for climate mitigation policy.

Conventions and temporal differences in painted faces: A study of posture and color distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11) ◽  
pp. 267-1-267-8
Author(s):  
Mitchell J.P. van Zuijlen ◽  
Sylvia C. Pont ◽  
Maarten W.A. Wijntjes
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Art Galleries ◽  
Art Collections ◽  
Color Distribution ◽  
Scientific Domain ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The human face is a popular motif in art and depictions of faces can be found throughout history in nearly every culture. Artists have mastered the depiction of faces after employing careful experimentation using the relatively limited means of paints and oils. Many of the results of these experimentations are now available to the scientific domain due to the digitization of large art collections. In this paper we study the depiction of the face throughout history. We used an automated facial detection network to detect a set of 11,659 faces in 15,534 predominately western artworks, from 6 international, digitized art galleries. We analyzed the pose and color of these faces and related those to changes over time and gender differences. We find a number of previously known conventions, such as the convention of depicting the left cheek for females and vice versa for males, as well as unknown conventions, such as the convention of females to be depicted looking slightly down. Our set of faces will be released to the scientific community for further study.

Has Aid Helped in Pakistan?

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4II) ◽  
pp. 947-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This paper has a two-fold objective: first, to examine the terms on which Pakistan receives aid and whether its debt situation is sustainable, and second, to examine the impact of aid and debt on economic growth. It is found that there is little encouraging that can be said about how the terms on which Pakistan has received aid over time have changed, and its current debt situation is not sustainable. Also reported is the analysis done elsewhere which shows that aid has a negative (Granger) causal impact on GDP, and aid has a robust negative impact on economic growth after controlling for supplyside shocks. We provide various reasons for this negative association.

The New Economic Populism and the Future of Inequality in the United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Franko ◽  
Christopher Witko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Over Time

The authors conclude the book by recapping their arguments and empirical results, and discussing the possibilities for the “new economic populism” to promote egalitarian economic outcomes in the face of continuing gridlock and the dominance of Washington, DC’s policymaking institutions by business and the wealthy, and a conservative Republican Party. Many states are actually addressing inequality now, and these policies are working. Admittedly, many states also continue to embrace the policies that have contributed to growing inequality, such as tax cuts for the wealthy or attempting to weaken labor unions. But as the public grows more concerned about inequality, the authors argue, policies that help to address these income disparities will become more popular, and policies that exacerbate inequality will become less so. Over time, if history is a guide, more egalitarian policies will spread across the states, and ultimately to the federal government.

Witches and Succubi: Male Sexual Fantasies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serinity Young
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexual Fantasies ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Face ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Demonic

Witches, women believed to have supernatural powers, have been with us since ancient times. Often they were beautiful, highly sexual women whom men bedded at their own risk. They had magical powers (including that of flight), communed with the dead, and did not conform to patriarchal ideas of womanhood. Their sexuality led them to be classified as succubi, or female spirits who visited men at night and had sexual intercourse with them while they slept. In medieval Christian Europe, witches were refigured as ugly over time, and they became the face of evil. They were believed to fly to their unholy Sabbaths, where they participated in orgies with Satan and sacrificed babies. In truth, most people who were accused of being witches were women caught up in the changing mores and beliefs of the medieval Church, which began to view women as more susceptible to the demonic than men, a Church that needed evidence of their unholy activities, even if extracted by torture.

Money and Flows of Coinage in the Red Sea Trade

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Nappo
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Silver Content ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Roman Coins ◽  
Precious Metal Content ◽  
The Face ◽  
Over Time

This chapter considers the financial scale of Indo-Roman trade via the Red Sea, comparing the large sums mentioned by Pliny with the evidence of customs dues, ostraca from the Red Sea port of Berenike, and hoards of Roman coins found in India. Analysis of the finds of Roman coins in India by value rather than number over time suggests that, contrary to prevailing opinion, there was not a major diminution in the value of the trade after the reign of Tiberius. Although there was apparently some decline in the Flavian period, the face value of coin finds recovers in the second century until the reign of Antoninus Pius. Coins for export to India were specially selected for their higher precious metal content, and older issues with a higher silver content continued to be exported to India long after they had largely ceased to circulate within the Roman Mediterranean.

scholarly journals William James and the Sustainable Transformation of Values, with a Case Study for Rethinking the American Dream

Human Arenas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Croce
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
American Dream ◽  
William James ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Many

AbstractThis article addresses the call of the Psychology of Global Crises conference for linkage of academic work with social issues in three parts: First, examples from conference participants with their mix of bold calls for social transformation and realization of limits, a combination that generated few clear paths to achieving them. Second, presentation of Jamesian practical idealism with psychological insights for moving past impediments blocking implementation of ideals. And third, a case study of impacts from the most recent prominent crisis, the global pandemic of 2020, which threatens to exacerbate the many crises that had already been plaguing recent history. The tentacles of COVID’s impact into so many problems, starting with economic impacts from virus spread, present an opportunity to rethink the hope for constant economic growth, often expressed as the American Dream, an outlook that has driven so many of the problems surging toward crises. Jamesian awareness of the construction of ideological differences and encouragement of listening to those in disagreement provide not political solutions, but psychological preludes toward improvements in the face of crises.

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