The Pattern of Facial Nerve Branching: A Cadaveric and Clinical Study

FACE ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 273250162110595
Author(s):  
Haithem Elhadi Babiker ◽  
Yousif Eltohami ◽  
Ahmed Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Facial Nerves ◽  
Different Populations

Background: Thorough understanding of the branches of the facial nerve is critical during parotidectomy. Many variations of the branching patterns have been observed among different populations. The objective of this study was to determine the different branching patterns in a Sudanese population. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 facial nerves were dissected. There were 40 cadavers (bilateral) and 10 patients (unilateral) who underwent parotidectomy. Only specimens with benign parotid pathology with intact facial nerve were included. Out of the 90 facial nerves examined, 41 were males and 9 females. Forty-six specimens (51%) were left; and 44 (49%) were right facial nerves. Facial nerve branching patterns were classified into 5 types as described by Katz and Kopuz. Results: The most common branching pattern was type III found in 42 cases (46.6%). The second most common was type I which was seen in 18 cases (20%). This is the most common type reported in the literature. Types II, IV, and V were found to be 8.8%, 12.2%, and 11% respectively. Conclusion: Facial nerve branching patterns are very variable and can be very complex. Significant differences exist between races. Surgeons who perform parotidectomy should be very familiar with these differences to avoid surgical misadventures.

scholarly journals Facial nerve branching pattern as seen in parotidectomy in Kashmiri population: our experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baba Aijaz Khaliq ◽  
Jasif Nisar ◽  
Aamir Yousuf ◽  
Tabish Maqbool ◽  
Rauf Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Type I ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Kashmiri Population ◽  
Type V ◽  
A Prospective Study

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> A prospective study to analyze the facial nerve branching pattern as seen in various parotidectomy surgeries in Kashmiri population. Main objective was to find out various branching patterns among peripheral branches of facial nerve in parotid tissue so that new young ENT surgeons could get benefited and it should be easy for them to perform parotid surgeries with less complications and unpredictable outcome.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The prospective study was conducted in 35 patients undergoing superficial parotidectomy in our department of otorhinolaryngology GMC Srinagar over a period of one and half year. Facial nerve branching pattern was classified according to the description given by Davis et al. Branching pattern of main trunk was also observed in all cases.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The most common type of branching pattern of facial nerve in our study was type I seen in 12 (34.2%) patients, followed by type III seen in 9 (25.7%), followed by type II in 5 (14.2%), type IV in 4 (11.4%) patients, followed by type V in 3 (8.5%) and VI in 2 (5.7%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Type I branching pattern is the most common branching pattern of the facial nerve (34.2%) followed by type III (25.7%), following the pattern as described by Davis. Main trunk was found single in 32 (91.4%%) patients however in 3 (8.57%) patients trunk was dividing in 2 branches before dividing in peripheral branching pattern as described above. </p>

scholarly journals Anatomy of the facial nerve branching patterns, the marginal mandibular branch and its extraparotid ramification in relation to the lateral palpebral line

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaritt Weerapant ◽  
Tanom Bunaprasert ◽  
Prayuth Chokrungvaranont ◽  
Vilai Chentanez
Keyword(s):  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Type I ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Vertical Distance ◽  
Lower Border ◽  
Marginal Mandibular Branch ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mandibular Branch

Abstract Background: Surgery of face and parotid gland may cause injury to branches of the facial nerve, which results in paralysis of muscles of facial expression. Knowledge of branching patterns of the facial nerve and reliable landmarks of the surrounding structures are essential to avoid this complication. Objective: Determine the facial nerve branching patterns, the course of the marginal mandibular branch (MMB), and the extraparotid ramification in relation to the lateral palpebral line (LPL). Materials and methods: One hundred cadaveric half-heads were dissected for determining the facial nerve branching patterns according to the presence of anastomosis between branches. The course of the MMB was followed until it entered the depressor anguli oris in 49 specimens. The vertical distance from the mandibular angle to this branch was measured. The horizontal distance from the LPL to the otobasion superious (LPL-OBS) and the apex of the parotid gland (LPL-AP) were measured in 52 specimens. Results: The branching patterns of the facial nerve were categorized into six types. The least common (1%) was type I (absent of anastomosis), while type V, the complex pattern was the most common (29%). Symmetrical branching pattern occurred in 30% of cases. The MMB was coursing below the lower border of the mandible in 57% of cases. The mean vertical distance was 0.91±0.22 cm. The mean horizontal distances of LPL-OBS and LPLAP were 7.24±0.6 cm and 3.95±0.96 cm, respectively. The LPL-AP length was 54.5±11.4% of LPL-OBS. Conclusion: More complex branching pattern of the facial nerve was found in this population and symmetrical branching pattern occurred less of ten. The MMB coursed below the lower border of the angle of mandible with a mean vertical distance of one centimeter. The extraparotid ramification of the facial nerve was located in the area between the apex of the parotid gland and the LPL.

Patterns of Aneurysm Recurrence After Microsurgical Clip Obliteration

Neurosurgery ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro M. Spiotta ◽  
Ferdinand Hui ◽  
Albert Schuette ◽  
Shaye I. Moskowitz
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Review ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Clip Application

Abstract BACKGROUND: Microsurgical clip obliteration remains a time-honored and viable option for the treatment of select aneurysms with very low rates of recurrence. OBJECTIVE: We studied previously clipped aneurysms that were found to have recurrences to better understand the patterns and configurations of these rare entities. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of 2 prospectively maintained databases of aneurysm treatments from 2 institutions spanning 14 years to identify patients with recurrence of previously clipped intracranial aneurysms. RESULTS: Twenty-six aneurysm recurrences were identified. Three types of recurrence were identified: type I, proximal to the clip tines; type II, distal; and type III, lateral. The most common type of recurrence was that arising distal to the clip tines (46.1%), and the least frequently encountered recurrence was that arising proximal to the tines (19.2%). Laterally located recurrences were found in 34.6% of cases. CONCLUSION: We describe 3 different patterns of aneurysm recurrence with respect to clip application: those occurring proximal, distal, or lateral to the clip tines.

scholarly journals An Anatomic Study of the Facial Nerve Trunk and Branching Pattern in an African Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. s-0038-1669465
Author(s):  
Francis Mutahi Thuku ◽  
Fawzia Butt ◽  
Symon W. Guthua ◽  
Mark Chindia
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
African Population ◽  
Type I ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black African ◽  
Stylomastoid Foramen ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
And Gender

There are known racial variations in the branching and furcation pattern and the length of the facial nerve (FN) trunk and hardly any studies from the black African population. Surgeries around the FN predispose it to trauma and warrant a detailed anatomy of its branching pattern. Using a descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 40 FN (20 fresh cadavers) were dissected to record the pattern and length of the FN. The frequency of various patterns of FN using the Davis et al classification was as follows: type I: 10 (25%), type II: 9 (22.5%), type III: 7 (17.5%), type IV: 6 (15%), type V: 2 (5%), and type VI: 6 (15%). The nerve bifurcated in 32(80%) and trifurcated in 8(20%) of the cadavers. There was no statistical difference in the branching patterns ( p = 0.509) and furcation types ( p = 0.414) between the sides and gender. The length of the trunk of the FN measured from the stylomastoid foramen to the bifurcation point was 16.14(−/+ 3.28 mm). The results from this data established a variation in the anatomical branching pattern of the FN in a black Kenyan population.

scholarly journals A novel cochlear measurement that predicts inner-ear malformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawfiq Khurayzi ◽  
Fida Almuhawas ◽  
Abdulrahman Alsanosi ◽  
Yassin Abdelsamad ◽  
Úna Doyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Type I ◽  
Basal Turn ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
A Value ◽  
Inner Ear Malformation ◽  
C Value ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Value Measurement

AbstractThe A-value used in cochlear duct length (CDL) estimation does not take malformed cochleae into consideration. The objective was to determine the A-value reported in the literature, to assess the accuracy of the A-value measurement and to evaluate a novel cochlear measurement in distinguishing malformed cochlea. High resolution Computer Tomography images in the oblique coronal plane/cochlear view of 74 human temporal bones were analyzed. The A-value and novel C-value measurement were evaluated as predictors of inner ear malformation type. The proximity of the facial nerve to the basal turn was evaluated subjectively. 26 publications report on the A-value; but they do not distinguish normal vs. malformed cochleae. The A-values of the normal cochleae compared to the cochleae with cochlear hypoplasia, incomplete partition (IP) type I, -type II, and -type III were significantly different. The A-value does not predict the C-value. The C-values of the normal cochleae compared to the cochleae with IP type I and IP type III were significantly different. The proximity of the facial nerve to the basal turn did not relate to the type of malformation. The A-value is different in normal vs. malformed cochleae. The novel C-value could be used to predict malformed anatomy, although it does not distinguish all malformation types.

scholarly journals The congenital popliteal vasculature patterns in fibular free flap reconstruction by means of surgical anatomy in cadavers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathee Ongsiriporn ◽  
Piyawadee Jongpradubgiat ◽  
Sasiprapa Pisittrakoonporn ◽  
Natthapong Kongkunnavat ◽  
Kosin Panyaatisin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Flap ◽  
Popliteal Artery ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Peroneal Artery ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Fibular Free Flap

AbstractFibular free flap (FFF) is frequently used for reconstruction requiring vascularized bone. Thus, understanding its vasculature variation is crucial. This study investigates the popliteal artery branching variations in Thai cadavers and compares them with previous studies. One hundred and sixty-two legs from 81 formalin-embalmed cadavers were dissected. The popliteal artery branching patterns were classified. The previous data retrieved from cadaveric and angiographic studies were also collected and compared with the current study. The most common pattern is type I-A (90.7%). For the variants, type III-A was the majority among variants (6.2%). Type IV-A, hypoplastic peroneal artery, was found in one limb. A symmetrical branching pattern was found in 74 cadavers. Compared with cadaveric studies, type III-B and III-C are significantly common in angiographic studies (p = 0.015 and p = 0.009, respectively). Type I-A is most common according to previous studies. Apart from this, the prevalence of type III-A variant was higher than in previous studies. Furthermore, type III-B and III-C are more frequent in angiographic studies which might be from atherosclerosis. Thus, if the pre-operative CTA policy is not mandatory, the patients at risk for atherosclerosis and population with high variants prevalence should undergo pre-operative CTA with cost-effectiveness consideration.

scholarly journals Variation in Branching Pattern of Dorsalis Pedis Artery- A Cadaveric Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
T Sadeesh ◽  
G Prabavathy
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Cadaveric Study ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Dorsalis Pedis Artery ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
The Difference

Background: The present study was conducted to assess the variation of the branching pattern of the dorsalis pedis artery. Subjects and Methods: The present cadaveric study was conducted on 46 lower limbs of both genders. Dorsalis pedis artery was identified and tracked down, the origin, branching pattern and the course were noted. Results: Out of 46 limbs, 26 were of males and 20 were of males. Type A was seen in 24, B in 8, C in 3, D in 3, E in 2, F in 1, G in 1, H in 1, I in 1 and J in 2 cases. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that the Dorsalis pedis artery has variations in branching patterns. The most common type identified was typed A.

Methionine-Specific Staining of Collagen

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 294-295
Author(s):  
E.M. Kuhn ◽  
K.D. Marenus ◽  
M. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Fibers composed of different types of collagen cannot be differentiated by conventional electron microscopic stains. We are developing staining procedures aimed at identifying collagen fibers of different types.Pt(Gly-L-Met)Cl binds specifically to sulfur-containing amino acids. Different collagens have methionine (met) residues at somewhat different positions. A good correspondence has been reported between known met positions and Pt(GLM) bands in rat Type I SLS (collagen aggregates in which molecules lie adjacent to each other in exact register). We have confirmed this relationship in Type III collagen SLS (Fig. 1).

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

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