Acute Erythroleukemia: An Analysis of 108 Patients Treated with Cytarabine-Containing Regimens at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 925-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio P.S. Santos ◽  
Stefan Faderl ◽  
Guillermo Garcia-Manero ◽  
Charles A. Koller ◽  
Miloslav Beran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trisomy 8 ◽  
Monosomy 7 ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Poor Risk ◽  
Previous Diagnosis ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Bone Marrow Dysplasia

Abstract Acute erythrocytic leukemia (AML-M6) is an uncommon subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It usually presents as a proliferation of dysplastic erythroid elements mixed with blasts of myeloid origin, although there are some rare cases of pure erythroid proliferation (DiGuglielmo’s disease). It has previously been associated with a poor prognosis. Here, we report the experience at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. From January, 1980 to May, 2006 there were 2992 patients with newly diagnosed AML (excluding APL), and 108 (4%) had the diagnosis of AML-M6. Diagnosis was based on morphological features according to the FAB classification, PAS-positivity by cytochemistry and immunophenotypical positivity for glycophorin A when available. Seventy (65%) were males; median age was 60 years (range 17 – 85). Antecedent hematological disorder (AHD) and/or MDS was present in 54 patients (50%) compared to 40% in other AML patients (p=0.056), and 27 (25%) patients had previously received treatment for other malignancies. The median white blood cell count at diagnosis was 2.5x109/L (0.3–45.1), hemoglobin 7.8 g/dL (2.5–12.6) and platelet count 40x109/L (3–22). Information about bone marrow dysplasia was available in 80 patients. Significant morphological dysplasia of erythroid lineage was found in 66 (83%), of myeloid lineage in 38 (48%) and of megakaryocytic lineage in 36 (45%) cases. Cytogenetic analysis was available in 106 (98%) cases, and was abnormal in 77 (71%) patients. The most common abnormalities were: Monosomy 5/Monosomy 7 in 50 (46.3%) and Trisomy 8 in 9 (8.3%). Poor risk cytogenetics were found in 46% of patients with AML-M6, comparing to 19% of the control group (other AML patients excluding APL) (p<0.001). All patients received induction chemotherapy containing cytarabine. Complete remission rates were 63% for AML-M6 patients, comparing to 58% for the control group (p = 0.285). Seventeen patients (15.7%) were refractory and 23 (21.3%) had induction death. Median disease free survival of AML-M6 patients was 31 weeks, compared to 49 weeks for the control group (p = 0.03). Median overall survival of AML-M6 patients was 33 weeks, compared to 42 weeks for the control group (p = 0.190). A total of 24 patients underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Their median survival after transplantation was 32 weeks. We conclude that acute erythrocytic leukemia is a rare subtype of AML. It is commonly associated with a previous diagnosis of MDS and often presents with dysplastic features at diagnosis. It is frequently associated with poor-risk cytogenetics and a poor outcome.

Radiofrequency Ablation of Hepatic Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: Are Newer Generation Probes Better?

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 875-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Ahmad ◽  
Steven L. Chen ◽  
Maihgan A. Kavanagh ◽  
David P. Allegra ◽  
Anton J. Bilchik
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Hepatic Metastases ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Alive With Disease ◽  
Disease Free

Second-generation radiofrequency ablation (RFA) probes and their successors have more power, shorter ablation times, and an increased area of ablation compared with the first-generation probes used before 2000. We examined whether the use of the newer probes has improved the clinical outcome of RFA for hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer at our tertiary cancer center. Of 160 patients who underwent RFA between 1997 and 2003, 52 had metastases confined to the liver: 21 patients underwent 46 ablations with the first-generation probes and 31 patients underwent 58 ablations with the newer probes. The two groups had similar demographic characteristics. At a median follow-up of 26.2 months, patients treated with the newer probes had a longer median disease-free survival (16 months vs 8 months, P < 0.01) and a lower rate of margin recurrence (5.2% vs 17.4%); eight patients had no evidence of disease and one patient was alive with disease. By contrast, of the 46 patients treated with the first-generation probes, 2 patients had no evidence of disease and 1 patient was alive with disease. Newer-generation probes are associated with lower rates of margin recurrence and higher rates of disease-free survival after RFA of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer.

Laryngeal preservation by treatment with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocol for stage III & IV carcinoma larynx – results of a pilot study

1999 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thakar ◽  
S. Bahadur ◽  
D. A. Tandon ◽  
A. Ranganathan ◽  
G. K. Rath
Keyword(s):  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Carcinoma Larynx ◽  
Laryngeal Preservation ◽  
Group I ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Surgical Salvage

AbstractTotal laryngectomy for advanced carcinoma of the larynx is effective but functionally disabling. In an effort at laryngeal preservation, 33 patients of stage III/IV carcinoma larynx were treated between 1987 and 1991 with induction chemotherapy followed by definitive radiation. Two chemotherapy protocols were administered. Group I patients received one to three cycles of cisplatin 100 mg/m2 (day 1), bleomycin 15 U/m2 (day 1), and 5-fluorouracil 1000 mg/m2/day (day 2 to 5) at three weekly intervals. This was then followed by radiotherapy. Group II received one to six weekly injections of single agent methotrexate 50 mg/m2 with or without leucocovorin rescue followed by radiotherapy. Any recurrence was salvaged by surgery.Midway through the study, Group II protocol was discontinued as the initial results were not comparable with Group I or standard treatment. The Group I protocol, however, yielded an initial locoregional control rate of 83.3 per cent With the addition of surgical salvage the locoregional control rate was 94.4 per cent and the control rate with laryngeal preservation was 88.8 per cent. The Kaplan-Meier probability of two years and five years disease-free survival was 81.9 per cent and 61.4 per cent respectively. For disease-free survival with laryngeal preservation the corresponding figures for two years and five years were 58.3 per cent and 41.7 per cent.The control group of 51 patients treated with radical surgery followed by radiotherapy yielded survival figures at two years and five years of 64.3 per cent and 57.2 per cent. The difference in the survival of Group I and the control group was not statistically significant (p value = 0.280). These initial results indicate that for stage III and for surgically resectable stage IV laryngeal carcinomas, a protocol of induction combination chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil followed by radiotherapy and combined with surgical salvage whenever required, can lead to comparable cure rates. In addition, a large proportion of patients are spared the morbidity of a total laryngectomy.

Intensification of neoadjuvant therapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Z. Z. Mamedli ◽  
A. V. Polynovskiy ◽  
D. V. Kuzmichev ◽  
S. I. Tkachev ◽  
A. A. Aniskin
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Pathologic Complete Response ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Advanced Rectal Cancer ◽  
Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Disease Free

The aim of the study: to increase the frequency of achieving pathologic complete response and increase disease-free survival in the investigational group of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer T3(MRF+)–4N0–2M0 by developing a new strategy for neoadjuvant therapy.Materials and methods. In total, 414 patients were assigned to treatment. Control group I included 89 patients who underwent radiotherapy (RT) 52–56 Gy/26–28 fractions with concurrent capecitabine twice daily 5 days per week. Control group II included 160 patients who underwent RT 52–56 Gy/26–28 fractions with concurrent capecitabine twice daily 5 days per week and oxaliplatin once a week, during the course of RT. Study group III consisted of 165 patients. This group combined RT 52–56 Gy/26–28 fractions with concurrent capecitabine twice daily 5 days per week and additional consecutive CapOx cycles. This group was divided into 2 subgroups: subgroup IIIa included 106 patients with consolidating chemotherapy (after CRT); subgroup IIIb included 59 patients who underwent “sandwich” treatment. Therapy consisted of conducting from 1 to 2 cycles of induction CapOx (up to CRT) and from 1 to 2 cycles of consolidating CapOx with an interval of 7 days. In the interval between the courses of drug therapy, RT 52–56 Gy/26–28 fractions was performed. According to the results of the control examination, further treatment tactics were determined. The primary end points were 5-year disease-free survival and the achievement of a pathologic complete response.Results. Pathologic complete response was significantly more often recorded in patients in the investigational group III (17.48 %; p = 0.021) compared with control groups (7.95 % in the I group and 8.28 % in the II group). 5-year disease-free survival in patients in the study groups was: 71.5 % in the III group, 65.6 % in the II group and 56.9 % in the I group.Conclusion. The shift in emphasis on strengthening the neoadjuvant effect on the tumor and improving approaches to drug therapy regimens have significantly improved disease-free survival of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

Adjuvant therapy of Dukes' A, B, and C adenocarcinoma of the colon with portal-vein fluorouracil hepatic infusion: preliminary results of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol C-02.

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1466-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Wolmark ◽  
H Rockette ◽  
D L Wickerham ◽  
B Fisher ◽  
C Redmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Hepatic Metastases ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
National Surgical Adjuvant Breast ◽  
Bowel Project ◽  
Disease Free

Between March 1984 and July 1988, 1,158 patients with Dukes' A, B, and C carcinoma of the colon were entered into National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Protocol C-02. Patients were randomized to either no further treatment following curative resection or to postoperative fluorouracil (5-FU) and heparin administered via the portal vein. Therapy began on day of operation and consisted of constant infusion for 7 successive day. Average time on study was 41.8 months. A comparison between the two groups of patients indicated both an improvement in disease-free survival (74% v 64% at 4 years, overall P = .02) and a survival advantage (81% v 73% at 4 years, overall P = .07) in favor of the chemotherapy-treated group. When compared with the treated group, patients who received no further treatment had 1.26 times the risk of developing a treatment failure and 1.25 times the likelihood of dying after 4 years. Particularly significant was the failure to demonstrate an advantage from 5-FU in decreasing the incidence of hepatic metastases. The liver was the first site of treatment failure in 32.9% of 82 patients with documented recurrences in the control group and in 46.3% of 67 patients who received additional treatment. Therapy is administered via a regional route to affect the incidence of recurrence within the perfused anatomic boundary. Since, in this study, adjuvant portal-vein 5-FU infusion failed to reduce the incidence of hepatic metastases, it may be concluded that its use thus far is not justified. It may also be speculated that the disease-free survival and survival advantages (the latter of borderline significance) are a result of the systemic effects of 5-FU.

Selection bias in clinical trials.

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 1142-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Antman ◽  
D Amato ◽  
W Wood ◽  
J Carson ◽  
H Suit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Lower Stage ◽  
High Grade Sarcoma ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Central Lesions

Of 90 patients with intermediate or high-grade sarcoma eligible for a randomized trial of adjuvant doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Adria Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio), 48 were not entered: 24 (27%) by physician's choice and 24 refused randomization. Sixty-five percent of lower stage patients were randomized compared with 37% of those with higher stage (P = .02). Patients with extremity lesions were more frequently offered participation in the study (P = .07). Patients with lower stage lesions accepted randomization more readily than those with higher stage lesions (P = .01). As predicted by the higher stage and percentage of central lesions, the disease-free survival of nonrandomized patients was inferior to that of randomized patients (P = .15). Thus, patients at high risk appeared to avoid randomization and adjuvant doxorubicin in this trial, resulting in an inferior disease-free survival for the nonrandomized control group. Important questions generally require randomized trials that reliably determine relative treatment differences. If, however, the patients in a clinical trial are not representative of the entire patient population because of patient and physician selection biases, the generalizability of the results to the entire patient population may be compromised. For example, the prognosis of the general population cannot necessarily be inferred from the selected group in the study. In this study, the randomized and nonrandomized series yielded differing conclusions regarding treatment efficacy, even when an adjustment was made for known prognostic facts.

Phase II trial of adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous tumor-derived Gp96 vaccination in patients with gastric cancer.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
Lin Chen ◽  
Kecheng Zhang ◽  
Zheng Peng ◽  
Bo Wei ◽  
Hongqing Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Phase Ii Trial ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autologous Tumor ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Disease Free

117 Background: Autologous, tumor-derived heat shock protein Gp96 peptides complexes have shown antitumor potential in various cancers. We conducted the first Phase II trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Gp96 vaccination in adjuvant settings for patients with gastric cancer. Methods: Consecutive patients from November 2012 to December 2015 were enrolled. Participants were allocated to the experimental group or control group, receiving Gp96 vaccination plus chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone respectively. The primary endpoints were disease-free survival and toxicity. The secondary outcomes were overall survival and tumor-specific immune responses. Results: Thirty-nine and forty patients received Gp96 vaccination plus chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone in the adjuvant settings respectively. Significant increased tumor-specific immune responses were observed after Gp96 vaccination. There were comparable disease-free survival ( p = 0.413; HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.37−1.48) and overall survival ( p = 0.485; HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.24−1.96) between experimental group and control group. In subgroup of patients with stage II and stage III gastric cancer, patients who have received Gp96 vaccination had improved disease-free survival compared those who have not ( p = 0.044; HR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.22−0.96). Gp96 vaccination plus chemotherapy was well tolerated and no Gp96-related serious adverse event has been observed. Conclusions: Gp96 vaccination could elicit tumor-specific immune responses and could be safely used in adjuvant settings combined with chemotherapy. Patients with less aggressive diseases might benefit from Gp96 therapy.

scholarly journals COMBINED MODALITY TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH INOPERABLE COLORECRAL LIVER METASTASES

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
A. V. Shabunin ◽  
M. M. Tavobilov ◽  
D. N. Grekov ◽  
P. A. Drozdov
Keyword(s):  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
Liver Metastases ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Regional Chemotherapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Group I ◽  
Disease Free

The purpose of the study was to improve treatment outcomes for patients with inoperable colorectal liver metastases using the  combination of chemoembilization of the hepatic artery and radiofrequency ablation.Material and methods. Treatment outcomes of 60 patients with methachronic unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer  were analyzed. Eligibility criteria were as follows: absence of  extrahepatic metastases, size of metastases from 3 to 5 cm, and  inability to perform resection. All patients were divided into two groups. Group I included 30 patients who received combination  of regional chemotherapy and radiofrequency ablation. Group II (the control group) consisted of 30 patients who received radiofrequency ablation only.Results. Post-embolization and post-ablation syndromes were observed in both groups of patients. Rightsided hydrothorax  (Clavien-Dindo grade II) was found in 4 out of 60 patients (2  patients in Group I and 2 patients in Group II). One-, two- and  three-year disease-free survival rates in Group I patients were 96.6  %, 76.6 % and 53.3 %, respectively. The corresponding rates in the  control group patients were 90.0 %, 53.6 % and 30.0 %,  respectively (p=0.049). The overall one-, two-and three-year  survival rates in Group I patients were 100 %, 90 % and 63.3 %,  respectively. The corresponding rates in the control group patients  were 100 %, 70 % and 50.0 %, respectively (p=0.202).Conclusion. The combination of regional chemotherapy and radiofrequency ablation led to the improvement in overall and disease-free survival rates.

Surgical Outcomes in Hepatitis C Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Reference to Sustained Virological Responses to Interferon Therapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1246-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shogo Tanaka ◽  
Akihiro Tamori ◽  
Shigekazu Takemura ◽  
Genya Hamano ◽  
Tokuji Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatic Resection ◽  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Interferon Therapy ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Disease Free

Long-term surgical outcomes after hepatic resection for hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients who achieved a sustained virological response (SVR) to interferon (IFN) therapy remain inconclusive. Clinical records of 277 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCV-related early stage HCC (met the Milan criteria) between 1993 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-seven patients achieved the SVR during HCC detection (pre-SVR group), whereas 23 achieved SVR using adjuvant interferon therapy after hepatic resection (post-SVR group). The control group included remaining 217 patients. We investigated the SVR effects on surgical outcomes. Disease-free survival (DFS) rates at 5/10/15 years after hepatic resection were significantly greater in the pre and post-SVR groups than in the control group (46/30/30per cent and 61/36/27 per cent vs 23/7/7 per cent, respectively; P < 0.001). Overall survival (OS) rates at 10/15 years after hepatic resection were better in the pre- and post-SVR groups than in the control group (68/68 percent and 78/78 per cent vs 13/11 per cent, respectively; P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, pre- and post-SVR were independent factors for no recurrence (pre-SVR: hazard ratio (HR), 0.48, P = 0.002; post-SVR: HR, 0.41, P = 0.001) and improved survival (pre-SVR: HR, 0.36, P = 0.002; post-SVR: HR, 0.122, P < 0.001). Achievement of SVR in patients with HCV-related HCC was associated with long-term disease-free survival and OS after hepatic resection.

Obstructive and perforative colonic carcinoma: patterns of failure.

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Willett ◽  
J E Tepper ◽  
A Cohen ◽  
E Orlow ◽  
C Welch
Keyword(s):  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Local Failure ◽  
Colonic Carcinoma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Failure Patterns ◽  
Disease Free

Carcinoma of the colon complicated by obstruction or perforation has been recognized as having a poorer prognosis than tumors without obstruction or perforation. To clarify the natural history, failure patterns, and implications for adjuvant treatment after resection with curative intent, a review of the recent Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) experience was undertaken. From 1970 to 1977, 77 patients with obstructive colonic carcinoma and 34 patients with localized perforation at the tumor site were identified and compared with a control group of 400 patients without obstruction or perforation undergoing curative resection. All patients were observed for a minimum of five years or until the patient's death. The actuarial five-year survival and disease-free survival rates in patients with obstruction was 31% and 44%, respectively, in contrast to 59% and 75% in control patients. For patients with localized perforation, the five-year actuarial survival and disease-free survival rates were 44% and 35%, respectively. Of the 77 patients with obstructing tumors, 32 patients (42%) developed local failure--nine with local failure only and 23 patients with local failure and distant metastases. Thirty-four patients (44%) developed distant metastases. Fifteen (44%) patients of 34 with perforative colonic carcinoma had local failure. Distant metastases occurred in 15 patients (44%). The incidence of local failure and distant metastases in the control group was 14% and 21%, respectively. The rate of local failure and distant metastases increased with stage and was generally higher stage for stage than in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Validation of MAF biomarker for response prediction to adjuvant bisphosphonates in 2 clinical trials: AZURE and NSABP-B34.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 513-513
Author(s):  
Alexander H. G. Paterson ◽  
Stewart J. Anderson ◽  
Roger Gomis ◽  
Joel [email protected] ◽  
Juan-Carlos Tercero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Collaborative Group ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Disease Free

513 Background: An Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) meta-analysis indicates that adjuvant bisphosphonates increase time to bone recurrence and survival in postmenopausal breast cancer patients, but results of individual trials have been inconclusive. Retrospective analyses of AZURE, a trial of adjuvant zoledronic acid, showed MAF (a transcription factor of the AP-1 family) amplification status predicted bisphosphonate benefit independently of menopause for invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) and overall survival (OS). Validation of MAF amplification status as a potential companion diagnostic for adjuvant bisphosphonates was confirmed using NSABP-B34 specimens. Methods: The randomized, placebo-controlled NSABP B-34 study of women with stage 1-3 breast cancer were assigned to adjuvant systemic therapy plus oral clodronate 1600 mg daily or placebo for 3 years. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS) with overall survival (OS) as a secondary outcome. MAF amplification was assessed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization on anonymized sections of breast tumor tissue in all patients with tumor samples and performed in a laboratory blind to treatment assignment. Protocol and analysis plans were pre-specified. Disease outcomes were analysed using intention to treat principles. Results: 2496 B-34 patients contributed tumor samples (from 2001-2004), of whom 1883 (75%) were evaluable (947 placebo and 936 clodronate). 1515 (80%) tumors were MAF negative (766 placebo and 749 clodronate) and 368 were MAF positive. At median follow-up of 108 months, MAF was prognostic for DFS, OS and bone-metastasis-free survival in the control group (MAF-positive vs MAF-negative: HRDFS=1·39, 95%CI 1·01-1·92; p=0.045; HROS=1·59, 95%CI 1·08-2·33; p=0.018; HRBM=2·03, 95%CI 1·13-3·68; p=0.016). In patients with MAF-negative tumors, clodronate gave higher DFS and OS than controls at 60 months (HRDFS=0·70, 95%CI 0·51-0·94; p=0.020 and HROS=0·59, 95%CI 0·37-0·93; p=0.024), the latter maintained through follow-up (HROS=0·74, 95%CI 0·54-1.00; p=0.047), but not in patients with MAF-positive tumors - consistent with previous AZURE results. Conclusions: MAF benefit prediction from adjuvant bisphosphonates was confirmed using specimens from 2 randomized clinical trials (AZURE and NSABP-B-34) conducted and analyzed in similar manner using the same validated tests and clinical endpoints. These results are evidence towards introducing MAF testing into clinical practice.

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