Proteomic analysis of proteins related to rice grain chalkiness using iTRAQ and a novel comparison system based on a notched-belly mutant with white-belly

Abstract Background: Rice varieties are required to have high yield and good grain quality. Grain chalkiness and grain shape are two important traits of rice grain quality. Low chalkiness slender grains are preferred by most rice consumers. Here, we dissected two closely linked quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling grain chalkiness and grain shape on rice chromosome 8 by substitution mapping. Results: Two closely linked QTLs controlling grain chalkiness and grain shape were identified using single-segment substitution lines (SSSLs). The two QTLs were then dissected on rice chromosome 8 by secondary substitution mapping. qPGC8.1 was located in an interval of 1382.6 kb and qPGC8.2 was mapped in a 2057.1 kb region. The maximum distance of the two QTLs was 4.37 Mb and the space distance of two QTL intervals was 0.72 Mb. qPGC8.1 controlled grain chalkiness and grain width. qPGC8.2 was responsible for grain chalkiness and for grain length and grain width. The additive effects of qPGC8.1 and qPGC8.2 on grain chalkiness were not affected by heat stress. Conclusions: Two closely linked QTLs qPGC8.1 and qPGC8.2 were dissected on rice chromosome 8. They controlled the phenotypes of grain chalkiness and grain shape. The two QTLs were insensitive to high temperature.

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Novel molecular and cell biological insights into function of rice α-amylase

Amylase ◽

10.1515/amylase-2018-0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 30-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Toshiaki Mitsui ◽

Akihito Ochiai ◽

Hiromoto Yamakawa ◽

Kentaro Kaneko ◽

Aya Kitajima-Koga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intracellular Transport ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Binding Pocket ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Active Site Cleft ◽

Key Factor ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Basic Biology ◽

Grain Chalkiness

Abstract α-Amylases have been of interest in diverse fields for many years because of their importance in basic biology, agriculture, and industry. Starch hydrolysis in plants has been studied extensively in germinating cereal seeds. It is generally accepted that α-amylases are secretory enzymes with a pivotal role in the breakdown of starch reserves in the endosperm. Intriguingly, however, recent investigations reveal that some α-amylases degrade starch in the plastids of living cells. The recent solving of the crystal structure of rice AmyI-1 isoform shows that the binding pocket of starch binding site 1 situated outside of the active site cleft interacts with the substances other than oligosaccharides. These findings provided novel insights into structural and cell biological aspects of α-amylase functions in intracellular transport, organelle targeting, and organ-specific actions. Under global warming, abnormal high temperatures during rice grain filling increase grain chalkiness, resulting in yield loss. Intensive “omics” analyses of developing caryopses and mature grains grown under heat stress showed the downregulation of starch synthesis enzymes and the upregulation of α-amylases. Transgenic studies using ectopic overexpression and suppression of α-amylase revealed that α-amylase is a key factor in grain chalkiness. Here we discuss unique new functions of α-amylase in rice cells.

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Proteomic analysis of positive influence of alternate wetting and moderate soil drying on the process of rice grain filling

Plant Growth Regulation ◽

10.1007/s10725-017-0359-z ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 533-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Zhong Li ◽

Zhou Li ◽

Waqas Muhammad ◽

Manhong Lin ◽

Saadia Azeem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Proteomic Analysis ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Soil Drying ◽

Rice Grain

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The Potential of Silicon in Improving Rice Yield, Grain Quality, and Minimising Chalkiness: A Review

Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science ◽

10.47836/pjtas.44.3.09 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Engku Hasmah Engku Abdullah ◽

Azizah Misran ◽

Muhammad Nazmin Yaapar ◽

Mohd Rafii Yusop ◽

Asfaliza Ramli

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Rice Production ◽

Eating Quality ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Cooking And Eating Quality ◽

Fertiliser Use ◽

Grain Chalkiness

Silicon (Si) is a micronutrient that can increase the resistance of certain plants against multiple biotic or abiotic stresses. It is known that Si has a beneficial effect on plant growth, beginning in the soil, which could lead to a good crop yield. Despite its benefits, Si is not listed among the generally essential elements or nutrients for rice production in many countries such as Malaysia. This review discusses the ability to uptake Si and its benefits on rice. Environmental factors affect rice production, and among the factors, high temperature has been shown to disrupt the physiological development of rice grain, which contributes to chalkiness. Chalkiness is an undesirable trait that decreases grain’s value, milling, cooking, and eating quality. The application of Si could ameliorate rice grain quality, thus providing a valuable reference for Si fertiliser use in high-quality rice production. This review also presents an update on the potentials of Si in improving the rice yield and grain quality, including Si’s ability to minimise grain chalkiness. Therefore, it is anticipated that Si applications will increase rice yield and grain quality and help to reduce chalkiness.

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Detection of rice grain chalkiness level with volume estimation from image processing

Fourth International Conference on Photonics Solutions (ICPS2019) ◽

10.1117/12.2554037 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Achira Sujarit ◽

Kunya Cheaupan ◽

Nattaporn Chattham

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Volume Estimation ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Grain Chalkiness

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Identifying the Grain Chalkiness Gene Using Molecular Marker Techniques in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

International Letters of Natural Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.63.18 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 ◽

pp. 18-26

Author(s):

Nguyen Thi Lang ◽

Phan Ho Truc Giang ◽

Pham Thi Thu Ha ◽

Tran Bao Toan ◽

Truong Anh Phuong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ssr Marker ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Key Factors ◽

Amplification Product ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Indel Markers ◽

Marker Combination ◽

Grain Chalkiness

Chalkiness is a major constraint on rice production because it is one of the key factors determining grain quality (appearance, processing, milling, storing, eating, and cooking quality) and price. In this study, we conducted grain chalkiness gene identification using co-dominant insertion/deletion (INDEL) markers and SSR marker combination on 50 different varieties. The application results in 7 InDel markers and SSR marker on chromosome 7 were recorded. Three primers, InDel 5, InDel 14 and RM21938, associated with grain chalkiness. For the InDel 5 primer, the amplification product was 100%. Use of primer InDel 5 in detection and evaluation of genotype to the chalkiness trait of rice grain on 50 rice varieties indicated the suitability level with phenotypic evaluation was 86% and the unsuitability level was 14%. For the InDel 14 primer, the amplification products were 100%. The suitability with phenotypic assessment was 84% and the unsuitability was 16%. For the RM21938 primer, the amplification product was 94%. The suitability with phenotypic assessment was 76% and the unsuitability was 24%. Thirteen of the selected varieties had grain chalkiness gene both InDel 5, InDel 14 and RM21938. Total 13 varieties were detected from InDel 5, InDel 14 and RM12938 primer combinations also showed high efficiency of the InDel technique in identifying chalkiness gene in rice grain. A cluster analysis was performed and a dendrogram was constructed which evinced the nature of phylogenetic classification among the genotypes of the varieties. These markers could be used for developing quality of rice in breeding program.

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The Arrangement of Endosperm Cells and Development of Starch Granules Are Associated With the Occurrence of Grain Chalkiness in Japonica Varieties

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n7p156 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 156

Author(s):

Bo Peng ◽

Dong-Yan Kong ◽

Tondi-Yacouba Nassirou ◽

Yu Peng ◽

Lu-Lu He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Market Price ◽

Morphological Structure ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Starch Granules ◽

Japonica Variety ◽

Rice Endosperm ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Transparent Parts ◽

Endosperm Structure ◽

Grain Chalkiness

The endosperm chalkiness in grains is one of the most important traits in rice grain qualities, and grain chalkiness directly determines grain quality and market price. Therefore, the endosperm chalkiness reduction is an important goal of breeding scientist in rice. However, little is known about the relationship of the formation of rice endosperm chalkiness and the morphological structure and development in fragrant japonica and conventional japonica varieties. In this study, we have mainly investigated the chalkiness characters such as degree of endosperm chalkiness (DEC), chalkiness rate (CR) and chalkiness area (CA) in 12 fragrant japonica varieties and 9 conventional japonica varieties. Furthermore, the endosperm structure and starch granules of rice grains were also observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the 21 varieties including the different fragrant japonica and conventional japonica varieties has a linear relationship between the DEC and the CR (P < 0.05). Among the fragrant japonica and conventional japonica varieties, the biggest difference is the CR, follow by CA and DEC. In addition, there is a certain correlation between the arrangement of endosperm cells, the distribution of starch granules and the occurrence of chalkiness characters in the different fragrant japonica and conventional japonica varieties. For the same fragrant japonica or conventional japonica variety, there is no significant difference between the starch granules from the transparent parts of chalkiness and non-chalky, while the starch granules of grains between chalky and non-chalky has obvious difference. Our results would provide important references for high quality rice breeding.

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