Incidence of human rabies exposure and associated factors at the Gondar Health Center, Ethiopia: a three-year retrospective study

Objective: Infections contributed to higher morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in both developed and developing countries. This study aimed to describe the spectrum of opportunistic infections (OIs) and associated factors among PLWHA on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at Merpati Clinic, Wangaya Regional General Hospital in Denpasar, Bali. Methods: This was a retrospective study. All of PLWHA, who still receiving HAART at Merpati Clinic from January 2018 to January 2020, who met inclusion and exclusion criteria, were included as subjects in this study. All data were collected through a review of the complete medical record of patients. Results: The prevalence of OIs in this study was 43.4%. Most PLWHA who experienced OIs were male (68.8%), age ≤40 y old with a median of age 36 y old, educational status senior high school (57.7%), married (62.1%), employed (89.7%), CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/µl (67.6%) and transmission route of HIV non-Intravenous (IV) drug user (99.2%). Sex, age, marital status, and CD4 cell count were significantly associated with OIs, p=0.000, p=0.005, p=0.005, and p=0.000, respectively. Conclusion: The commonest OI in this study was pulmonary tuberculosis. The presence of OIs was associated with sex, age of HIV diagnosis, marital status, and CD4 cell count. With the knowledge of OIs spectrum, clinicians are expected to be able to prevent, diagnose and treat OIs promptly to decrease the morbidity and mortality caused by OIs efficiently.

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Bovine rabies in Rio Grande do Sul: positivity rates, geographical distribution, and seasonal occurrence

Acta Veterinaria Brasilica ◽

10.21708/avb.2021.15.4.10072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 267-274

Author(s):

Bruno Egídio Cappelari ◽

Jéssica Grace da Silveira ◽

Julio César de Almeida Rosa ◽

José Carlos Ferreira ◽

Giovana Dantas

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Viral Encephalitis ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Laboratory Diagnosis ◽

Seasonal Occurrence ◽

Human Rabies ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

The Impact

Rabies is a zoonotic disease characterized by acute viral encephalitis. It is almost 100% fatal for infected animals. While cases of human rabies have still been registered in Brazil, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul rabies is considered a controlled disease in urban areas. However, the transmission of bovine rabies – which has been largely associated with the Desmodus rotundus bat – is endemic. Additionally, there are estimates that only 10% of rabies cases are reported. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the positivity rates, geographical distribution, and seasonal occurrence of bovine rabies in RS, as well as the sampling practices in rabies surveillance. Using samples submitted for laboratory diagnosis from 2016 to 2019, we conducted a retrospective study of the sample results, positivity rates, and seasonal occurrence of rabies in cattle. Throughout these four years, less than a third of state municipalities sent samples for diagnosis, suggesting that the occurrence of rabies might still be underestimated in non-sampled areas. A higher number of rabies cases were reported in 2019, a year in which the most diagnosed samples and the highest positivity percentages were recorded. However, the case numbers registered between 2016 and 2019 were not significantly different. We found that the summer and autumn months presented statistically different positivity rates. Besides this, we did not find any positive D. rotundus samples, despite the positivity rates for bovine rabies. Active surveillance, especially of bat populations and under-sampled regions, must be strengthened to correctly estimate the impact of rabies.

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Decreasing Trend of Plasmodium Falciparum and Vivax Transmission in Mojo Health Center, East Shoa Oromia Region, Ethiopia: a Retrospective Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-438229/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andargie Abate ◽

Lemu Golassa

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Economic Development ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Health Center ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Specific Situation ◽

Age Group ◽

Contextual Diversity ◽

Health And Economic Development

Abstract Introduction: Malaria continues to strike hardest against the public health and economic development in Ethiopia. Its transmission tends to be highly heterogeneous within or between years, and from area to area which need understanding of the contextual diversity of malaria prevalence within each site to deliver optimal intervention according to the site specific situation of the disease. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the trend prevalence of malaria in Mojo health center, East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Mojo health center, East Shoa zone, Ethiopia from February to March, 2021. Malaria cases and related data reported 2016-2020 were carefully reviewed from laboratory registration logbooks. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 25 software.Results: A total of 19, 106 blood films were examined from malaria suspected patients. The overall microscopically confirmed prevalence of malaria was 4.2%. P. vivax was the predominant species accounting 76.2% of positive samples. Malaria cases declined from 259 in 2016 to 77 in 2020. The proportion of malaria was higher among males (64.8%) than females (35.2%) in all five years. Higher malaria cases was observed from the age group 15-24 years old followed by the age group of 25-34. Malaria cases were at a peak level from September-November and lowest from December-February.Conclusion: Although the declining trend of malaria prevalence was observed, malaria still remains a public health burden in the area. The high burden of malaria among reproductive age group, males, and during cultivation season reflects its impact on health and economic development. Shifting of P. falciparum to P.vivax related malaria should get an attention during prevention and control strategies for the successful progress of malaria elimination programme.

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