scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis of male and female flowers in Spinacia oleracea L

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Li ◽  
Ziwei Meng ◽  
Minjie Tao ◽  
Yueyuan Wang ◽  
Yulan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Alternative Polyadenylation ◽  
Gender Development ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
First Time ◽  
Female Flowers

Abstract Background Dioecious spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), a commercial and nutritional vegetable crop, serves as a model for studying the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in plants. However, this mechanism is still unclear. Herein, based on PacBio Iso-seq and Illumina RNA-seq data, comparative transcriptome analysis of male and female flowers were performed to explore the sex differentiation mechanism in spinach. Results Compared with published genome of spinach, 10,800 transcripts were newly annotated; alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and lncRNA were analyzed for the first time, increasing the diversity of spinach transcriptome. A total of 2965 differentially expressed genes were identified between female and male flowers at three early development stages. The differential expression of RNA splicing-related genes, polyadenylation-related genes and lncRNAs suggested the involvement of alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and lncRNA in sex differentiation. Moreover, 1946 male-biased genes and 961 female-biased genes were found and several candidate genes related to gender development were identified, providing new clues to reveal the mechanism of sex differentiation. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that auxin and gibberellin were the common crucial factors in regulating female or male flower development; however, the closely co-expressed genes of these two factors were different between male and female flower, which may result in spinach sex differentiation. Conclusions In this study, 10,800 transcripts were newly annotated, and the alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and long-noncoding RNA were comprehensively analyzed for the first time in spinach, providing valuable information for functional genome study. Moreover, candidate genes related to gender development were identified, shedding new insight on studying the mechanism of sex determination and differentiation in plant.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Female and Male Fine-Patterned Puffer: Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Growth and Sex Differentiation

Fishes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Binbin Shan ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Changping Yang ◽  
Yuan Li ◽  
Liangming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Comparison Analysis ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
First Time ◽  
Simple Sequence

Sexual growth dimorphism is a common phenomenon in teleost fish. However, the mechanism of this complex phenomenon remains unclear. The fine-patterned puffer (Takifugu poecilonotus; Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) exhibits female-biased sexual size dimorphism similar to other pufferfish. In this study, the transcriptomes of female and male T. poecilonotus were sequenced, 285.95 million raw read pairs were generated from sequence libraries. After identification and assembly, a total of 149,814 nonredundant unigenes were obtained with an N50 length of 3538 bp. Of these candidates, 122,719 unigenes (81.91% of the total) were successfully annotated with multiple public databases. The comparison analysis revealed 10,385 unigenes (2034 in females and 8351 in males) were differentially expressed between different sexes of T. poecilonotus. Then, we identified many candidate growth- and sex-related genes, including Dmrt1, Sox3, Spatas, Prl/Prlr, fabps, Ghr, and Igf1r. In addition to these well-known genes, Fabp4 was identified for the first time in fish. Furthermore, 68,281 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci were screened and identified in the transcriptome sequence of T. poecilonotus. The results of our study could provide valuable information on growth- and sex-associated genes and facilitate further exploration of the molecular mechanism of sexual growth dimorphism.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of male and female gonads reveals sex-biased genes in spotted scat (Scatophagus argus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1963-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei-Xiang He ◽  
Dong-Neng Jiang ◽  
Yuan-Qing Huang ◽  
Umar Farouk Mustapha ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Scatophagus Argus

scholarly journals Are matching patterns of male and female flowers in response to nutrient supply and pollen concentration optimal for fruit and seed growth?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Gao ◽  
Jun Jie Zhai ◽  
Guo Zhu Yu ◽  
Wei Hua Li ◽  
Chang Lian Peng
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cucumber Plant ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Nutrient Resources ◽  
Female Flowers

Abstract Background: Changes in the proportions of male and female flowers in monoecious plants in response to external environmental conditions are directly related to the reproductive fitness of plants. The monoecious cucumber plant was used in this study to assess the responses of sex differentiation and the breeding process to nutrient supply and the degree of artificial pollination using pollen solutions of different concentrations. Results: We found that the nutrient supply significantly increased the number of female flowers, although the number of female flowers did not increase with the strength of the pollination. The number of male flowers did not decrease even under the low nutrient concentration; consequently, the matching pattern of male and female flowers reflects the response of plants to nutrients and nutrient resources during flowering stage. Pollination treatment affected the fruit growth, seed set, and fruit yield. However, the number of fruit, fruit set percentage, and total seeds per plant did not increase with the pollination level, although individual fruit weight and seed number in one fruit did increase. Conclusions: It is concluded that the response of cucumber flowering to external factors is direct and instantaneous, and this matching pattern of male and female flowers may not be optimal for fruit development and seed formation. Keywords: Cucumber, Plant fitness, Sex differentiation, Monoecious, Pollen resource

IN VITRO FLOWERING OF REGENERATED SPINACH PLANTS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1121d-1121
Author(s):  
J. M. Al-Khayri ◽  
F. H. Huang ◽  
T. E. Morelock
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Regeneration Medium ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Plant Maintenance ◽  
Female Flowers

Regenerated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) maintained under a 10-h photoperiod (65 uE m-2 s-1) after an incubation period on a GA-containing medium were induced to flower in vitro. The plantlets were regenerated from callus initiated on MS medium with 2.0 mg L-1 kinetin and 0.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and were subsequently transferred to a medium containing 2.0 mg L-1 kinetin, 1.0 mg L-1 GA, and 0.01 mg L-1 2-4,D. While on the regeneration medium, the cultures were exposed to a long-day photoperiod. Regenerants were transferred to an IBA-containing medium for rooting, after which flowering was observed. In vitro flowering plantlets exhibited male and female flowers depending on the sex of the explant donor. Female plantlets developed seeds in the culture vessels. This method of seed production from regenerants can eliminate time-consuming steps in acclimation, transplanting to soil, and plant maintenance.

Revision of the African genus Crotonogyne (Euphorbiaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-379
Author(s):  
Frans J. Breteler
Keyword(s):  
Equatorial Guinea ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
New Material ◽  
Specific Rank ◽  
First Time ◽  
African Genus ◽  
Female Flowers ◽  
Eleven Species

Background and aims – The African genus Crotonogyne is revised for the first time since 1912. Identification of new material collected since proved to be very difficult. The revision serves also as a basis for the treatment of the genus in the Flore du Gabon. Methods – Normal practices of herbarium taxonomy have been applied to study the relevant herbarium material available, mainly from BM, BR, BRLU, HBG, K, MA, P, and WAG. The relevant collecting data are stored in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Section Botany. MAPMAKER was used to produce the distribution maps. Key results – Eleven species are recognised including two new species: Crotonogyne micrantha from Cameroon and C. neglecta from Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni). Crotonogyne manniana subsp. congolensis is raised to specific rank. All species, except for C. congolensis with one collection from Angola, are confined tot the Guineo-Congolian region. A full taxonomic treatment with key to the species is given. Male and female flowers of most species are depicted. The distributions of the species are mapped. The flowers are unisexual, but it is not clear whether the species are monoecious or dioecious. Crotonogyne poggei and C. impedita are neotypified and C. angustifolia, C. gabunensis, C. lasiocarpa, C. ledermanniana, C. manniana, C. preussii, C. strigosa, and C. zenkeri are lectotypified.

scholarly journals The Patterns of Male and Female Flowers in Flowering Stage May Not Be Optimal Resource Allocation for Fruit and Seed Growth

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2819
Author(s):  
Lei Gao ◽  
Guozhu Yu ◽  
Fangyu Hu ◽  
Zhiqi Li ◽  
Weihua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Optimal Resource Allocation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Optimal Resource ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

Changes in the proportions of male and female flowers in monoecious plants in response to external environmental conditions are directly related to the reproductive fitness of plants. The monoecious cucumber (Cucumber sativus) plant was used in this study to assess the responses of sex differentiation and the breeding process to nutrient supply and the degree of artificial pollination using pollen solutions of different concentrations. We found that the nutrient supply significantly improved the number of female flowers, while pollination treatments did not obviously increase the number of male flowers. Continuous pollination changed the number of female flowers especially in the later stage of the pollination experiment. Therefore, pollination changed the ratio of male and female flowers in the flowering stage of cucumber. Pollination treatment affected the fruit growth, seed set, and fruit yield. The number of fruit, fruit set percentage, and total seeds per plant did not increase with the pollination level, but individual fruit weight and seed number in one fruit did increase. The differentiation of male and female flowers in the flowering stage of cucumber is a response to nutrient and pollination resources, but this response is not the optimal resource allocation for subsequent fruit development and seed maturity, which suggests that the response of plants to external environment resources is short-term and direct.

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