scholarly journals Reduced expression of a subunit gene of sucrose non-fermenting 1 related kinase, PpSnRK1βγ, confers flat fruit abortion in peach by regulating sugar and starch metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Guo ◽  
Ke Cao ◽  
Jia-Long Yao ◽  
Cecilia Deng ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Peach Breeding ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Fruit Abortion ◽  
Transient Overexpression

Abstract Background Fruit abortion is a major limiting factor for fruit production. In flat peach, fruit abortion is present in the whole tree of some accessions during early fruit development. However, the physiological factors and genetic mechanism underlying flat fruit abortion remain largely elusive. Results In this study, we have revealed that the fertilization process was accomplished and the reduction of sucrose and starch contents might result in flat fruit abortion. By combining association and gene expression analysis, a key candidate gene, PpSnRK1βγ, was identified. A 1.67-Mb inversion co-segregated with flat fruit shape altered the promoter activity of PpSnRK1βγ, resulting in much lower expression in aborting flat peach. Ectopic transformation in tomato and transient overexpression in peach fruit have shown that PpSnRK1βγ could increase sugar and starch contents. Comparative transcriptome analysis further confirmed that PpSnRK1βγ participated in carbohydrate metabolism. Subcellular localization found that PpSnRK1βγ was located in nucleus. Conclusions This study provides a possible reason for flat fruit abortion and identified a critical candidate gene, PpSnRK1βγ, that might be responsible for flat fruit abortion in peach. The results will provide great help in peach breeding and facilitate gene identification for fruit abortion in other plant species.

scholarly journals A subunit gene of sucrose non-fermenting 1 related kinase, PpSnRK1γ, confers flat fruit abortion in peach by regulating sugar and starch metabolism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Guo ◽  
Ke Cao ◽  
Jia-long Yao ◽  
Cecilia Deng ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Peach Breeding ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Fruit Abortion ◽  
Transient Overexpression

Abstract Background: Fruit abortion is a major limiting factor for fruit production. In flat peach, fruit abortion is present in the whole tree of some accessions during early fruit development. However, the physiological factors and genetic mechanism underlying flat fruit abortion remain largely elusive. Results: In this study, we have revealed that the fertilization process was accomplished and the reduction of sucrose and starch contents might result in flat fruit abortion. By combining association and gene expression analysis, a key candidate gene, PpSnRK1γ, was identified. A 1.67-Mb inversion co-segregated with flat fruit shape altered the promoter activity of PpSnRK1γ, resulting in much lower expression in aborting flat peach. Ectopic transformation in tomato and transient overexpression in peach fruit have shown that PpSnRK1γ could increase sugar and starch contents. Comparative transcriptome analysis further confirmed that PpSnRK1γ participated in carbohydrate metabolism. Subcellular localization found that PpSnRK1γ was located in nucleus. Conclusions: This study clarified the reason for flat fruit abortion and identified a critical candidate gene, PpSnRK1γ, responsible for fruit abortion in peach. The results would provide great help in peach breeding and facilitate gene identification for fruit abortion in other plant species.

scholarly journals Ppe.XapF: High Throughput KASP Assays to Identify Fruit Response to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) in Peach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret B. Fleming ◽  
Texanna Miller ◽  
Wanfang Fu ◽  
Zhigang Li ◽  
Ksenija Gasic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Production ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Clemson University ◽  
Dna Assays ◽  
Peach Breeding ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Xanthomonas Arboricola ◽  
Bacterial Spot Resistance

Abstract Bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), is a serious peach disease with symptoms that traverse severe defoliation and black surface pitting, cracking or blemishes on peach fruit with global economic impacts. A management option for control and meeting consumer demand for chemical-free, environmentally friendly fruit production is the development of resistant or tolerant cultivars. We developed simple, accurate, and efficient DNA assays (Ppe.XapF) based on SNP genotyping with KASP technology to quickly test for bacterial spot resistance alleles in peach fruit that allows breeders to cull seedlings at the greenhouse stage. The objective of this research was to validate newly developed DNA tests that target the two major QTLs for fruit resistance in peach with diagnostic utility in predicting fruit response to bacterial spot infection. Our study confirms that only two Ppe.XapF DNA tests, Ppe.XapF1-1 and Ppe.XapF6-2, are needed to distinguish between susceptible and resistant alleles. Use of these efficient and accurate Ppe.XapF KASP tests resulted in 44% reduction in seedling planting rate in the Clemson University peach breeding program.

scholarly journals Ppe.XapF: High Throughput KASP Assays to Identify Fruit Response to Xanthomonas Arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) in Peach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret B. Fleming ◽  
Texanna Miller ◽  
Wanfang Fu ◽  
Zhigang Li ◽  
Ksenija Gasic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Production ◽  
Diagnostic Utility ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Clemson University ◽  
Peach Breeding ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Xanthomonas Arboricola ◽  
Bacterial Spot Resistance

Abstract Background Bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), is a serious peach disease with symptoms that traverse severe defoliation and black surface pitting, cracking or blemishes on peach fruit with global economic impacts. A management option for control and meeting consumer demand for chemical-free, environmentally friendly fruit production is the development of resistant or tolerant cultivars. Results We developed simple, accurate, and efficient Ppe.XapF DNA tests based on SNP genotyping with KASP technology to quickly test for bacterial spot resistance alleles in peach fruit and cull at the greenhouse stage. The objective of this research was to validate newly developed Ppe.XapF DNA tests that target the two major QTLs for fruit resistance in peach with diagnostic utility in predicting fruit response to bacterial spot infection. Conclusion Our study confirms that only two Ppe.XapF DNA tests, Ppe.XapF1-1 and Ppe.XapF6-2, are needed to distinguish between susceptible and resistant haplotypes. Use of these efficient and accurate Ppe.XapF KASP tests resulted in 44% reduction in seedling planting rate in the Clemson University peach breeding program.

scholarly journals Strawberries at the Crossroads: Management of Soilborne Diseases in California Without Methyl Bromide

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 956-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald J. Holmes ◽  
Seyed Mojtaba Mansouripour ◽  
Shashika S. Hewavitharana
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Strawberry Industry ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
Strawberry Breeding ◽  
The Impact

Strawberry production has historically been affected by soilborne diseases such as Verticillium wilt. This disease was a major limiting factor in strawberry production in California in the 1950s and was the main reason that preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) was developed in the late 1950s. MB fumigation was so successful that over 90% of the commercial strawberry fruit production in California utilized this technique. However, MB was subsequently linked to ozone depletion, and its use was phased out in 2005. The California strawberry industry was awarded exemption to the full phase-out until 2016, when all MB use in strawberry fruit production was prohibited. MB use continues in strawberry nurseries under an exemption to prevent spread of nematodes and diseases on planting stock. This review examines the impact of the MB phase-out on the California strawberry industry and evaluates the outlook for the industry in the absence of one of the most effective tools for managing soilborne diseases. New soilborne diseases have emerged, and historically important soilborne diseases have reemerged. Registration of new fumigants has been difficult and replacement of MB with a new and effective alternative is unlikely in the foreseeable future. Thus, crop losses due to soilborne diseases are likely to increase. Host plant resistance to soilborne diseases has become a top priority for strawberry breeding programs, and cultivars are increasingly selected for their resistance to soilborne diseases. The intelligent integration of a variety of management tactics is necessary to sustain strawberry production in California.

scholarly journals Selection of Fertilizer and Cultivar of Sweet Pepper and Eggplant for Hydroponic Production

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Hardeep Singh ◽  
Bruce L. Dunn ◽  
Mark Payton ◽  
Lynn Brandenberger
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Shoot Fresh Weight ◽  
Hydroponic Cultivation ◽  
Shoot Weight

Dutch bucket hydroponic trials were conducted with the aim to evaluate the effects of different hydroponic fertilizers (5N-4.8P-21.6K, 5N-5.2P-21.6K, and 7N-3.9P-4.1K) on growth, fruit production, and the fruit quality (fruit shape index) parameters of two cultivars of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and on two cultivars of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). For sweet pepper yield, the 5N-4.8P-21.6K fertilizer was responsible for the greatest yield for both cultivars. For sweet pepper fresh and dry shoot weight interaction, the ‘Orangella’ cultivar had greater growth in 5N-4.8P-21.6K and 5N-5.2P-21.6K fertilizers, whereas there was no difference among cultivars in 7N-3.9P-4.1K. Shape index was not affected by fertilizers or cultivars. For the eggplant yield, there was no main effect nor interaction between fertilizers and cultivars for fruit yield, while the interaction between fertilizers and cultivars was significant for shoot fresh weight production. Shoot fresh weight was greater for ‘Angela’ than ‘Jaylo’ in 5N-4.8P-21.6K and 7N-3.9P-4.1K. Furthermore, both eggplant cultivars were affected with yellowing of fruits in all fertilizer treatments after 2 months, which was probably due to the accumulation of nutrients in the closed hydroponic system. Therefore, hydroponic producers could select 5N-4.8P-21.6K and 5N-5.2P-21.6K fertilizers for the cultivation of the ‘Orangella’ cultivar of sweet pepper based on yield. It is important to evaluate more fertilizers and cultivars for eggplant hydroponic cultivation.

The importance of fruit set, fruit abortion, and pollination success in fruit production of teak (Tectona grandis)

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2204-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Palupi ◽  
J. N. Owens ◽  
S. Sadjad ◽  
Sudarsono ◽  
D. D. Solihin
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Fruit Abortion

Teak ( Tectona grandis L.) is believed to have been introduced from India 400–500 years ago and there appear to be no old-growth natural forests. However, Indonesia has many teak plantation forests and 40%–50% of seeds for reforestation come from seed orchards and the remainder from plantations. In both, flower and fruit abortion results in low fruit set and thus seed production. We investigated flower and fruit development in a clonal seed orchard in East Java in 1999 and 2001 using cross- and open-pollinated trees. The rates of abortion using cross-pollinations showed a similar pattern but were lower than for open-pollinations. The highest rate of abortion in cross- and open-pollinations was during pollination and fertilization, ranging 11%–23% and 31%–32%/day, respectively, less during fruit initiation (5%–6% and 6%–8%/day) and the lowest was during fruit maturation (<0.5%/day). Cross-pollinations increased fruit production by 10-fold compared with open-pollinations. About 30% of flowers were pollinated with an average of five pollen grains per stigma in open-pollinations. Pollen viability varied among clones and time of day but was not affected by position of flowers in an inflorescence. We conclude that low pollination success and low pollen viability are major causes for low fruit production in teak and are related to insect pollinators.

scholarly journals A New Local Sustainable Inorganic Material for Soilless Culture in Spain: Granulated Volcanic Rock

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1537-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Pozo ◽  
Juan E. Álvaro ◽  
Isidro Morales ◽  
Josefa Requena ◽  
Tommaso La Malfa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rock ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Geological Origin ◽  
The University

Volcanic rock has been used for decades as a horticultural substrate worldwide. In Spain, the use of this material as a substrate is ancient; it was initially used in the Canary Islands because of its volcanic geological origin. At the University of Almería (Almería, Spain), three independent vegetable crops were grown under greenhouse conditions: sweet pepper, tomato, and melon. The volcanic rock came from a location in the geographic center of Spain, which facilitated logistics. Bags of volcanic rock (25 L) were used and were compared with a commercial coconut fiber substrate of an equal volume. All physical, physical–chemical, and chemical parameters of the volcanic rock were determined using European standard analytical procedures. Fertigation was applied, independently adapted to the physical, physical–chemical, and chemical characteristics of each substrate. The cultures were performed under a randomized complete block experimental design. Fertigation parameters, pollutant emissions, fruit production, and the quality of each culture were measured. The results showed that the assessed parameters of the volcanic rock substrate are not a limiting factor for its use as a horticultural substrate. The resultant production and quality were very similar among the three crops compared with a widely used commercial control. Therefore, volcanic rock emerges as a local, sustainable alternative to be used for soilless crop cultivation.

scholarly journals 587 Physiological Factors Limiting Tomato Fruitset at Moderately Elevated Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 497E-498
Author(s):  
M.M. Peet ◽  
S. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Mild Heat

The effects of chronic, mild heat stress on fruit set, fruit production, release of pollen grains, photosynthesis, night respiration, and anther dehiscence were ex-amined in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) differing in high temperature sensitivity. Plants were grown under three temperature regimes: 1) 28/22 or 26/22 °C (optimal temperature) 2) 32/26 °C (high temperature), and 3) 32/26 °C day/night temperatures relieved at 28/22 °C for 10 days before anthesis, then returned to 32/26 °C (relieving treatment). `FLA 7156' was the only cultivar with fruit set at 32/26 °C. All five cultivars, however, had fruit set in the relieving treatment (RT). The longer the relief, the higher was the percentage of fruit set. Longer periods of relief also increased the number of pollen grains released and linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the number of pollen grains released and the percentage of fruit set. Germination of pollen grains was also lowered in high-temperature-grown plants. The number of pollen grains produced, photosynthesis, and night respiration did not limit fruit set under chronic, mild heat stress, however. This suggested that cultivar differences in ability to release pollen and to produce viable pollen under heat stress are the most important factors determining their ability to set fruit.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity in Black Raspberry Detected by RAPD Markers

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Average Similarity ◽  
Improved Cultivars ◽  
Maximum Similarity

Lack of variation among black raspberry cultivars is thought to be a limiting factor in fruit production and in breeding improved cultivars. An assessment of the available diversity in black raspberry is needed to effectively develop improved cultivars. Such an assessment was done to estimate the genetic similarities for RAPD markers in 16 black raspberry genotypes and to determine the genetic diversity among these genotypes based on these markers. In addition, the ability to distinguish between the black raspberry genotypes, two red raspberry cultivars (Rubus idaeus L.), and a blackberry cultivar (Rubus hybrid) was determined. A similarity matrix from 379 RAPD markers was calculated, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the PHYLIP suite of phylogeny software, which revealed the relationship among the genotypes. An average of 81% similarity was calculated among 16 black raspberry genotypes with a maximum similarity of 98% and a minimum of 70%. The average similarity between black raspberry and red raspberry was 41% and was 26% between black raspberry and blackberry. Combined marker profiles from six RAPD primers could be used to distinguish between the 16 black raspberry genotypes. Red raspberry and blackberry could be distinguished from black raspberry by 27 and 29 of 30 RAPD primers tested, respectively. Genetic diversity was most prominent in genotypes from the extremes of the black raspberry indigenous range. Diversifying the germplasm pool for black raspberry cultivar improvement can be achieved through utilizing genotypes from the extremes of the black raspberry range and through interspecific hybridization.

Extreme summer heat and drought acts as an environmental veto for fruit production in European beech

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Nussbaumer ◽  
Katrin Meusburger ◽  
Maria Schmitt ◽  
Peter Waldner ◽  
Regula Gehrig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Programme ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Middle Europe ◽  
Fruit Abortion

&lt;p&gt;European beech is known to be a masting species, i.e. fruit production does not occur every year. It is thought to be a species which is flowering controlled, i.e. that after successful pollination, fruits and seeds would be produced. In the last two decades, years with high fruit production occurred every two to three years in Middle Europe, which may be indication for an inherent biennial cycle. However, successful fruit production can be hampered by disadvantageous weather conditions, such as frost events, during the pollination season.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Switzerland, after high beech pollen concentration was measured in spring of 2018, high fruit production was expected. However, during the extremely hot and dry European summer of 2018, beech produced no, or only small amounts of beechnuts in two of three long-term monitoring beech stands in Switzerland, which are part of the Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme. We observed that beechnuts were aborted in early summer already. Over the last decades, we found similar examples of mast failure and fruit abortion in years with hot and dry summer conditions. These extreme conditions can thus act as an &amp;#8220;environmental veto&amp;#8221;, similar to frost events during flowering. In years with fruit abortion, summer mean temperatures were 1.2&amp;#176;C higher, and precipitation sums were 45% lower than the long-term average. Our findings are evidence for a biennial masting cycle in European beech, which can be interrupted by extreme weather conditions such as extreme summer heat and drought or frost during flowering.&lt;/p&gt;

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