scholarly journals Prognostic impact of malnutrition on cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease patients with myocardial damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Arikawa ◽  
Daisuke Kanda ◽  
Yoshiyuki Ikeda ◽  
Akihiro Tokushige ◽  
Takeshi Sonoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Malnourished Group

Abstract Background Stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with myocardial damage have a poor prognosis compared to those without myocardial damage. Recently, malnutrition has been reported to affect the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of malnutrition on prognosis of CAD patients with myocardial damage remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of malnutrition on prognosis of CAD patients with myocardial damage who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods Subjects comprised 241 stable CAD patients with myocardial damage due to myocardial ischemia or infraction. Patients underwent successful revascularization for the culprit lesion by PCI using second-generation drug-eluting stents and intravascular ultrasound. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), which is widely used as a simple method for screening nutritional status using body mass index and serum albumin, was used to assess nutritional status. Associations between major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and patient characteristics were assessed. Results Mean GNRI was 100 ± 13, and there were 55 malnourished patients (23%; GNRI < 92) and 186 non-malnourished patients (77%). MACCE occurred within 3 years after PCI in 42 cases (17%), including 34 deaths (14%), and the malnourished group showed a higher rate of MACCE (38%) compared with the non-malnourished group (11%, p < 0.001). Univariate Cox proportional hazards analyses showed that MACCE was associated with age [hazard ratio (HR), 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.07; p = 0.004], prior heart failure (HR 2.35; 95% CI 1.10–5.01; p = 0.027), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.03–1.11; p < 0.001), hemodialysis (HR 2.63; 95% CI 1.51–4.58; p < 0.001) and malnutrition (HR 3.69; 95% CI 2.11–6.42; p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed hemodialysis (HR 2.17; 95% CI 1.19–3.93; p = 0.011) and malnutrition (HR 2.30; 95% CI 1.13–4.67; p = 0.020) as significantly associated with MACCE. Furthermore, Cox proportional hazards models using malnutrition and hemodialysis revealed that patients with malnutrition and hemodialysis were at greater risk of MACCE after PCI than patients with neither malnutrition nor hemodialysis (HR 6.91; 95% CI 3.29–14.54; p < 0.001). Conclusions In CAD patients with myocardial damage, malnutrition (GNRI < 92) represents an independent risk factor for MACCE. Assessment of nutritional status may help stratify the risk of cardiovascular events and encourage improvements in nutritional status.

P3626Malnutrition is a major factor to affect prognosis of coronary artery disease patients with myocardial damage

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Kanda ◽  
Y Ikeda ◽  
T Sonoda ◽  
I Kosedo ◽  
S Yoshino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Background Malnutrition is the important factor to cause frailty and sarcopenia which affect the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. However, the effect of malnutrition on prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with myocardial damage is still uncertain. Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of malnutrition on prognosis of CAD patients with myocardial damage who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods The subjects were 241 CAD patients with myocardial damage due to myocardial ischemia by coronary artery stenosis or occlusion. These patients underwent successful revascularization for CAD by PCI using second-generation drug eluting stents and discharged. Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) was used to assess nutritional status in this study, and patients with GNRI<92 at baseline were defined as malnutrition group. The association between MACCE (major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events) after discharged and patient's characteristics including nutritional status at baseline were assessed. Results The mean follow-up period was 546±310 days, with a maximum follow-up duration of 1092 days. MACCE within 3 years after PCI were 42 cases (17%) and malnutrition group had high rate of MACCE (38 vs. 11%, P<0.01) compared with non- malnutrition group. In malnutrition group, age (77±9 vs. 67±11 years, P<0.01) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level (5.52±6.63 vs. 0.72±1.86 mg/dl, P<0.01) were higher than those of non-malnutrition group. The serum albumin (Alb) level (3.0±0.5 vs. 4.0±0.4 mg/dL, P<0.01), hemoglobin (Hb) (10.4±1.9 vs. 12.8±2.4 g/dL, P<0.01), total cholesterol (151.8±32 vs. 174.1±41.6 mg/dL, P<0.01), triglycerides (96.9±49.1 vs. 140.6±128.3 mg/dL, P<0.01), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (50.2±15.9 vs. 55.9±15.3%, P=0.03) were lower in malnutrition group than those in non-malnutrition group. Moreover, malnutrition group had lower rate of hemodialysis (HD) (35 vs. 65%, P<0.01), dyslipidemia (16 vs. 84%, P<0.01) and using of statins (16 vs. 83%, P=0.02) than those in non-malnutrition group. As a result of Cox proportional hazards analysis, MACCE was associated with age [hazard ratio (HR): 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.07, p p<0.01)], hs-CRP (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.11, p<0.01), HD (HR: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.51–4.58, p<0.01) and malnutrition (HR: 3.69, 95% CI: 2.11–6.42, p<0.01) in the univariate analysis. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that HD (HR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.24–4.08, p<0.01) and malnutrition (HR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.04–4.23, p=0.03) were significantly associated with MACCE. Furthermore, malnutrition additively facilitated incidence of MACCE among patients underwent HD (GNRI <92+HD: HR 4.19, 95% CI: 2.22–7.88, p<0.001, GNRI >92+HD: HR 1.26, 95% CI: 0.65–2.47, p=0.493). Conclusions In CAD patients with myocardial damage, malnutrition (GNRI<92) is a major risk factor for MACCE after PCI.

Serum FGF21 Is Associated with Future Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Cardiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Shen ◽  
Xueli Zhang ◽  
Yiting Xu ◽  
Qin Xiong ◽  
Zhigang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Regression ◽  
Proportional Hazards Regression ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Artery Disease

Objectives: To investigate whether serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels can be used to predict the future development of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Methods: This study included 253 patients who received subsequent follow-up, and complete data were collected for 234 patients. Independent predictors of MACEs were identified by using the Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis. The prognostic value of FGF21 levels for MACEs was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: Of 229 patients finally enrolled in the analysis, 27/60 without coronary artery disease (CAD) at baseline experienced a MACE, and 132/169 patients with CAD at baseline experienced a MACE. Among patients with CAD at baseline, serum FGF21 levels were significantly higher in patients with MACEs (p < 0.05) than in patients without MACEs. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed patients with a higher serum FGF21 had a significantly lower event-free survival (p = 0.001) than those with a lower level. Further Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis, including the traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, showed that serum FGF21 was an independent predictor of MACE occurrence. Conclusions: In patients with CAD at baseline, an elevated serum FGF21 level was associated with the development of a MACE in the future.

Abstract 15567: Residual Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Under Different Glucose Metabolism Status

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-jun Li ◽  
Yexuan Cao ◽  
Hui-Wen Zhang ◽  
Jing-Lu Jin ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Artery Disease

Introduction: The atherogenicity of residual cholesterol (RC) has been underlined by recent guidelines, which was linked to coronary artery disease (CAD), especially for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Hypothesis: This study aimed to examine the prognostic value of plasma RC, clinically presented as triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-cholesterol (TRL-C) or remnant-like lipoprotein particles-cholesterol (RLP-C), in CAD patients with different glucose metabolism status. Methods: Fasting plasma TRL-C and RLP-C levels were directly calculated or measured in 4331 patients with CAD. Patients were followed for incident MACEs for up to 8.6 years and categorized according to both glucose metabolism status [DM, pre-DM, normal glycaemia regulation (NGR)] and RC levels. Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: During a mean follow-up of 5.1 years, 541 (12.5%) MACEs occurred. The risk for MACEs was significantly higher in patients with elevated RC levels after adjustment for potential confounders. No significant difference in MACEs was observed between pre-DM and NGR groups (p>0.05). When stratified by status of glucose metabolism and RC levels, highest levels of RLP-C, calculated and measured TRL-C were significant and independent predictors of developing MACEs in pre-DM (HR: 2.10, 1.98, 1.92, respectively; all p<0.05) and DM (HR: 2.25, 2.00, 2.16, respectively; all p<0.05). Conclusions: In this large cohort study with long-term follow-up, data firstly demonstrated that higher RC levels were significantly associated with the worse prognosis in DM and pre-DM patients with CAD, suggesting RC might be a target for patients with impaired glucose metabolism.

Abstract P380: Coronary Artery Disease Extent is Predictive of Heart Failure Incidence After Myocardial Infarction

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yariv Gerber ◽  
Susan A Weston ◽  
Maurice E Sarano ◽  
Sheila M Manemann ◽  
Alanna M Chamberlain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Disease Extent ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Artery Disease

Background: Little is known about the association between coronary artery disease (CAD) and the risk of heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI), and whether it differs by reduced (HFrEF) or preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction (EF) has yet to be determined. Subjects and Methods: Olmsted County, Minnesota residents (n=1,924; mean age, 64 years; 66% male) with first MI diagnosed in 1990-2010 and no prior HF were followed through 2013. Framingham Heart Study criteria were used to define HF, which was further classified according to EF (applying a 50% cutoff). The extent of angiographic CAD was defined at index MI according to the number of major epicardial coronary arteries with ≥50% lumen diameter obstruction. Fine & Gray and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association of CAD categories with incidence of HF, and multiple imputation methodology was applied to account for the 19% with missing EF data. Results: During a mean (SD) follow-up of 6.7 (5.9) years, 594 patients developed HF. Adjusted for age and sex, with death considered a competing risk, the cumulative incidence rates of HF among patients with 1- (n=581), 2- (n=622), and 3-vessel disease (n=721) were 11.2%, 14.6% and 20.5% at 30 days; and 18.1%, 22.3% and 29.4% at 5 years after MI, respectively. The increased risk of HF with greater number of occluded vessels was only modestly attenuated after further adjustment for patient and MI characteristics, and did not differ materially by EF (Table). Conclusions: The extent of angiographic CAD expressed by the number of diseased vessels is independently associated with HF incidence after MI. The association is evident promptly after MI and applies to both HFrEF and HFpEF.

Malnutrition is a major factor to affect prognosis of patients undergo percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary artery disease with calcified lesions

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Sonoda ◽  
D Kanda ◽  
K Anzaki ◽  
R Arikawa ◽  
A Tokushige ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Stable Angina ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Target Lesion ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Background In patients undergo PCI for coronary artery disease, target lesion calcification is associated with major cardiac events. Malnutrition is the important factor to cause frailty and sarcopenia which affect prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. However, the relationship between morphology in target lesions and malnutrition in patients undergo PCI is still uncertain. Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate how malnutrition affects prognosis of stable angina patients underwent PCI and morphology in target lesions. Methods The subject was 206 consecutive stable angina patients undergone successful PCI using second-generation drug eluting stents and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). The study patients were divided into two groups based on malnutrition or non-malnutrition. Nutritional status was assessed by Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), and patients with GNRI&lt;92 at admission were defined as malnutrition group (MG). We investigated the association between malnutrition on admission and outcome, and morphology in target lesions assessed by IVUS. Target lesion morphology were divided into moderate/severe calcified group and none/mild calcified group. Results All-cause death and MACCE (major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events) ≤3 years after PCI were 15 cases (7%) and 33 cases (16%). MG had higher rate of all-cause death (20 vs. 6%, p=0.001) and MACCE (37 vs. 10%, p&lt;0.001) than those of non-MG. Kaplan Meier analysis elucidated that survival rate was significantly lower in MG compared to that in non-MG (p&lt;0.001). As a result of cox proportional hazards analysis, all-cause death was associated with age [hazard ratio (HR): 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.10, p=0.006)], hs-CRP (HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.03–1.12, p&lt;0.001), hemodialysis (HR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.08–4.68, p=0.029), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (HR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99, p=0.017) and malnutrition (HR: 4.38, 95% CI: 2.11–9.09, p&lt;0.001) in the univariate analysis. Similarly, cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that age (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07, p=0.018), hs-CRP (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.11, p&lt;0.001), hemodialysis (HR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.45–4.94, p=0.002), LVEF (HR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99, p=0.002) and malnutrition (HR: 4.14, 95% CI: 2.23–7.67, p&lt;0.001) were significantly associated with MACCE. Multivariate analysis for all-cause death and MACCE revealed that malnutrition was an independent risk factor (HR: 3.47, 95% CI: 1.52–7.94, p=0.003, HR: 3.76, 95% CI: 1.87–7.58, p&lt;0.001). Furthermore, MG was significantly associated with moderate/severe target calcified lesions assessed by IVUS compared to those of patients in non-MG (67 vs. 27%, p&lt;0.001) regardless with or without hemodialysis. Conclusions Malnutrition was a crucial independent risk factor for stable angina patients who underwent PCI and was significantly associated with moderate/severe target calcified lesions. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Association between Serum Interleukin-6 Concentration and Mortality in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongfang Su ◽  
Zhongxia Li ◽  
Xinrui Li ◽  
Yuming Chen ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Artery Disease

Objectives. To evaluate whether serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) is associated with increased risk of mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.Methods. We performed a prospective cohort study of 718 CAD patients from the Guangzhou Cardiovascular Disease Cohort (GCDC) study. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to examine the association between serum IL-6 with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.Results. During the 1663 person-years of followup, the cumulative all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were 6.5% (n=47) and 3.3% (n=24), respectively. The mean length of followup was2.32±0.81years. In the multivariable analyses, a one-SD increment in log-transformed serum IL-6 was positively associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, with hazard ratios (HR) of 2.93 (95% CI, 2.11–4.08) and 2.04 (95% CI, 1.34–3.68) within the patients combined and 2.98 (95% CI, 2.12–4.18) and 3.10 (95% CI, 1.98–4.85) within males, respectively. Patients in the highest serum IL-6 tertile versus the lowest tertile were at higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, with HR of 17.12 (95% CI 3.11–71.76) and 8.68 (95% CI, 1.88–37.51), respectively.Conclusions. In hospitalized patients with CAD, serum IL-6 is significantly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

scholarly journals Long‐Term (7‐Year) Clinical Implications of Newly Unveiled Asymptomatic Abnormal Ankle–Brachial Index in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong‐Young Lee ◽  
Seung‐Jae Lee ◽  
Seung‐Whan Lee ◽  
Tae Oh Kim ◽  
Yujin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Significant Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Repeat Revascularization ◽  
Artery Disease

Background The long‐term impact of newly discovered, asymptomatic abnormal ankle–brachial index (ABI) in patients with significant coronary artery disease is limited. Methods and Results Between January 2006 and December 2009, ABI was evaluated in 2424 consecutive patients with no history of claudication or peripheral artery disease who had significant coronary artery disease. We previously reported a 3‐year result; therefore, the follow‐up period was extended. The primary end point was a composite of all‐cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke over 7 years. Of the 2424 patients with significant coronary artery disease, 385 had an abnormal ABI (ABI ≤0.9 or ≥1.4). During the follow‐up period, the rate of the primary outcome was significantly higher in the abnormal ABI group than in the normal ABI group ( P <0.001). The abnormal ABI group had a significantly higher risk of composite of all‐cause death/MI/stroke than the normal ABI group, after adjustment with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 2.07; 95% CI, 1.67–2.57; P <0.001) and propensity score–matched analysis (HR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.49–2.60; P <0.001). In addition, an abnormal ABI was associated with a higher risk of all‐cause death, MI, and stroke, but not repeat revascularization. Conclusions Among patients with significant coronary artery disease, asymptomatic abnormal ABI was associated with sustained and increased incidence of composite of all‐cause death/MI/stroke, all‐cause death, MI, and stroke during extended follow‐up over 7 years.

scholarly journals Midregional Proadrenomedullin for Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in Coronary Artery Disease: Results from the AtheroGene Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp S Wild ◽  
Renate B Schnabel ◽  
Edith Lubos ◽  
Tanja Zeller ◽  
Christoph R Sinning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Event ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract BACKGROUND Midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) is a newly identified prognostic marker in heart failure. We evaluated the prognostic impact of MR-proADM in a cohort of patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease according to their clinical presentation. METHODS We measured baseline MR-proADM concentrations in 2240 individuals from the prospective AtheroGene study and evaluated the prognostic impact on future fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events during a follow-up period of 3.6 (1.6) years. RESULTS The sample comprised 1355 individuals with stable angina pectoris (SAP) and 885 with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A cardiovascular event occurred in 192 people. Individuals presenting with SAP had only slightly lower plasma MR-proADM concentrations than those with ACS (0.53 vs 0.55 nmol/L, P = 0.006). MR-proADM showed a moderate association with age, serum N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), glomerular filtration rate, serum C-reactive protein, hypertension, diabetes, and prevalent multivessel disease (all P &lt; 0.0005). Individuals suffering from a cardiovascular event had higher MR-proADM concentrations at baseline in both groups (SAP 0.63 vs 0.53 nmol/L and ACS 0.65 nmol/L vs 0.55 nmol/L, both P &lt; 0.0005). Cox regression analysis incorporating various variables of cardiovascular risk and NT-proBNP revealed a hazard ratio of 1.4 (95% CI 1.2–1.6; P &lt; 0.0005) per increment of MR-proADM by 1SD. In risk models for secondary prevention, MR-proADM provided information comparable to that of NT-proBNP. CONCLUSIONS MR-proADM is an independent predictor for future cardiovascular events in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease, providing information comparable to NT-proBNP for secondary risk stratification.

scholarly journals Serum Lipids, Apolipoproteins, and Mortality among Coronary Artery Disease Patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding Ding ◽  
Xinrui Li ◽  
Jian Qiu ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Cvd Mortality

The proatherogenic effect of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and antiatherogenic effect of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been confirmed in general population. But controversy arises among coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. The goal of this study was to identify the association of different lipid measurements with CAD prognosis. The study cohort included 1916 CAD patients who were 40–85 years of age. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of baseline 6 lipid factors and 3 ratios with all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality. During a median follow-up of 3.1 years, 147 deaths were recorded, 113 of which were due to CVD. When lipid factors were categorized, HDL-C showed a U-shape association with all-cause and CVD mortality after adjustment for major CVD risk factors. Serum LDL-C, apoB, LDL/HDL ratio, and apoB/apoA-I ratio were positively, and apoA-I level was inversely associated with the risk of CVD mortality. After further pairwise comparison of lipid-related risk, LDL/HDL ratio and LDL-C had stronger association with all-cause and CVD mortality than other proatherogenic measurements among Chinese CAD patients.

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