scholarly journals Relationship between renal tissues phospholipase A2 receptor and its serum antibody and clinical condition and prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Dong ◽  
Ting-ting Fan ◽  
Ying-ying Wang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Li Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Remission Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Urine Protein ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Phospholipase A2 Receptor ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objective To investigate the correlation of M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) expression and serum anti-PLA2R antibody with the clinical parameters and prognosis of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Methods A literature search for relevant original articles published between January 2009 and October 2019 was conducted on domestic and foreign databases. RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. Results Eighteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. There were 1235 anti-PLA2R antibody-positive and PLA2R-positive patients, and 407 serum anti-PLA2R antibody-negative and PLA2R-negative patients. Compared with negative group, patients in the serum PLA2R antibody -positive group had lower serum albumin [SMD = -1.11, 95% CI (− 1.82, − 0.40), P < 0.00001], higher age [MD = 2.71, 95% CI (1.94, 3.48), P < 0.00001], and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) [MD = -10.34, 95% CI (− 12.09, − 8.60), P < 0.00001]; no significant between-group difference was observed with respect to 24-h urine protein and serum creatinine. However, no significant difference was observed between renal tissues PLA2R -positive and -negative groups with respect to serum albumin, eGFR, serum creatinine, and 24-h urine protein. Remission rate in the serum anti-PLA2R antibody -positive group was lower than that in the -negative group [OR = 0.41, 95% CI (0.28, 0.61),P < 0.00001]; however, no significant between-group difference in this respect was observed between the renal tissue PLA2R-positive and -negative groups. In the serum anti-PLA2R antibody -positive group, the higher titer subgroup had lower remission rate [OR = 0.19, 95% CI (0.07, 0.55),P = 0.002]. No significant difference was observed between anti-PLA2R antibody -positive and -negative groups with respect to adverse events. Serum anti-PLA2R antibody titer did not affect the adverse event rate. Conclusion As compared to PLA2R, serum anti-PLA2R antibody is more closely related with IMN disease progression.

scholarly journals Serum Antibody and Glomerular Antigen of Antiphospholipase A2 Receptor in Chinese Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Qiu-hua Zhang ◽  
Mian Wu ◽  
Zhi-gang Hu ◽  
Xiao-bin Liu ◽  
Biao Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Phospholipase A2 Receptor ◽  
Secondary Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Clinical Correlations

Background. M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) is the first autoantigen responsible for idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). However, serum PLA2R antibody (PLA2R-Ab) can be inaccurate in distinguishing between IMN and secondary membranous nephropathy, while renal PLA2R antigen (PLA2R-Ag) emerges as an ancillary diagnostic. The present study is aimed at examining the associations between PLA2R-Ab in sera and PLA2R-Ag in kidneys in IMN patients. Methods. A total of 93 patients with IMN were retrospectively identified. Their serum PLA2R-Ab and renal PLA2R-Ag expression levels were determined, and the clinical correlations between these parameters and clinical features were examined. Results. The sensitivities of serum PLA2R-Ab and renal PLA2R-Ag for diagnosing IMN were 74.2% and 88.2%, respectively (P<0.001), with poor consistency. Higher serum PLA2R-Ab levels were correlated to stronger renal PLA2R-Ag expression (P=0.048). Patients with positive PLA2R-Ab significantly differed from those with negative levels, in terms of proteinuric levels over 24 hours (4.54 vs. 3.46 g/day, P=0.015) and serum albumin (23.28 vs. 27.95 g/L, P=0.038). Among patients with positive renal PLA2R-Ag, patients with positive PLA2R-Ab had significantly higher 24-hour proteinuria, when compared to patients with negative PLA2R-Ab (4.57 vs. 3.08 g/day, P=0.005). Among those with positive PLA2R-Ab in sera, their PLA2R-Ab levels were correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration and serum creatinine. Conclusion. Serum PLA2R-Ab exhibits a closer correlation with proteinuric severity and renal function, when compared to renal PLA2R-Ag.

scholarly journals Serum anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibody detected at diagnosis as a predictor for clinical remission in patients with primary membranous nephropathy: a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufeng Liang ◽  
Jianxin Wan ◽  
Yongping Chen ◽  
Yangbin Pan
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Clinical Remission ◽  
Remission Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Clinical Remission Rate ◽  
Phospholipase A2 Receptor

Abstract Background The diagnostic value of serum M-type phospholipase A2 receptor antibody (sPLA2R-ab) expression in patients with primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) has been established. However, the association between sPLA2R-ab and clinical remission remains uncertain. Methods We systematically searched the literature for clinical trials regarding the correlation between sPLA2R-ab expression and clinical remission of PMN patients. Meta-analysis was performed to determine this association. Subgroup analysis, funnel plots, and sensitivity analysis were also performed to investigate heterogeneity or bias. Results A total of 11 trials involving 824 patients were included. Patients with positive sPLA2R-ab had a poor clinical remission rate (RR = 0.76, 95%CI 0.68–0.86, P < 0.0001; I2 = 39%), a higher titer of sPLA2R-ab had a lower chance of clinical remission (RR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.59–0.87, P = 0.0006; I2 = 42%),and a higher risk of renal failure (RR = 4.85, 95% CI, 1.83–12.85, P = 0.002; I2 = 0%), without affecting relapse (RR = 0.97, 95% CI, 0.55–1.70; P = 0.92, I2 = 0%). Subgroup analysis by treatment strategies, assay methods, ethnicity, gender, renal function, the approach of ruling out SMN, and the ratio of patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria at baseline showed no significant association between these factors with the prognostic value of sPLA2R-ab for PMN patients. No significant publication bias was found. Conclusion This meta-analysis adds to the evidence for current guidelines that sPLA2R-ab acts as not only a diagnostic marker but also a pivotal predictor for clinical remission. Therefore, sPLA2R-ab can be considered as a prognostic factor for stratifying PMN patients.

scholarly journals Retrospective study: clinicopathological features and prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy with seronegative anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenkai Guo ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Caifeng Gao ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Jiatong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Remission Rate ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Clinicopathological Features ◽  
Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Urine Protein ◽  
Phospholipase A2 Receptor ◽  
Beta 2 Microglobulin

Background To discuss the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) who are serum-negative for the anti-PLA2R antibody. Method Overall, 229 IMN patients were retrospectively collected in this study and classified into anti-PLA2R antibody-negative (PLA2R−, 59 cases) and antibody-positive (PLA2R+, 170 cases) groups. The clinical and pathological features of the PLA2R− group were analyzed; 162 patients in both groups were followed up, and the PLA2R antigen was detected in renal biopsies from the PLA2R− group. Kaplan-Meier and survival analyses were used to compare differences in prognosis. Results Serum albumin levels were higher and 24-hour urine protein, creatinine, and beta 2-microglobulin (BMG) levels were lower in the PLA2R− group than in the PLA2R+ group; the proportion of acute and chronic tubular lesions was also significantly lower in the PLA2R− group than in in the PLA2R+ group. After treatment, the remission rate was significantly higher in the negative group than in the positive group (93.02% vs 74.78%,), especially the rate of complete remission (51.16% vs 23.47%). Furthermore, the PLA2R antigen-positive staining rate of 43 patients in the PLA2R− group was 62.79%. Although not significant, the survival rate was higher in the PLA2R− group than in the PLA2R+ group. BMG, 24-hour urine protein and acute and chronic tubular lesions were risk factors for kidney death, and 24-hour urine protein was an independent risk factor for kidney death. Conclusions Compared with the PLA2R+ group, the PLA2R− group had mild clinical manifestations and pathological damage and a higher clinical treatment remission rate. Renal tissue PLA2R antigen testing can be considered for patients with seronegative IMN to increase the diagnostic rate.

scholarly journals MO270PROGNOSTIC ROLE OF ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTOR ANTIBODY NEGATIVIZATION AT THREE MONTHS IN MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Stefan ◽  
Simona Stancu ◽  
Otilia Popa ◽  
Adrian Dorin Zugravu ◽  
Nicoleta Petre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Renal Outcome ◽  
Renal Survival ◽  
Receptor Antibody ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Phospholipase A2 Receptor

Abstract Background and Aims The predictive value of anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody (anti-PLA2R ab) levels at three-months from diagnosis in patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) is not proven. Method We retrospectively examined the renal outcome on 1 August 2020 of 59 adult patients (age 54 (44, 68) years, 69% male, serum creatinine 1.0 (0.9, 1.3) mg/dL) who were diagnosed with MN by kidney biopsy and had positive serum anti-PLA2R ab during 2016-2019. The outcomes were: kidney survival defined as renal replacement therapy (RRT) initiation; partial (proteinuria 0.5 to 3.5g/24h) or complete remission (proteinuria &lt;0.5g/24h and serum albumin ≥3.5g/dL) - whichever came first. Variables related to renal outcome were further evaluated in univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard (CPH) models. Results Forty (69%) patients had negative anti-PLA2R ab at 3 months; there were no differences regarding age, serum creatinine, serum albumin, proteinuria and treatment when compared to the group with positive ab at 3 months. Fifty-seven (97%) patients received immunosuppressive treatment, cyclophosphamide-based regimens were the most frequent (87%), followed by cyclosporine (10%). Overall, 64% of the patients reached a form of remission. Cumulative remission rates were 34% after 6 months, 54% after 12 months, 68% after 18 months and 73% after 24 months. Only five patients (9%) relapsed during the study period. Median time to cumulative remission was 12.0 (95%CI 8.2, 15.7) months. In the CPH models, negativization of the anti-PLA2R antibodies at three months was an independent predictor for remission, however lower serum albumin was also retained as a risk factor for absence of remission (Table 1). During the follow up period 6 (10%) patients died. Cardiovascular disease and infections were the main causes of death. A total of 5 (9%) patients started RRT during the study period. The mean renal survival time was 50.3 (95%CI 46.5, 54.0) months. We found no difference in renal survival regarding anti-PLA2R Ab titer or negativization. Conclusion Negativization of anti-PLA2R antibodies in the first three months from diagnosis was a predictor for remission in patients with membranous nephropathy.

Linkage between H. pylori Infection and TNF-α polymorphism in The Pregnant Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghaidaa Raheem Lateef ◽  
Azhar Omaran Al-Thahab
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
H Pylori

A study was performed on 100 pregnant women in the outpatient department of gynecology and obstetrics of Maternity and Children Hospital in Al-Diwaniya City during the period between (March to September 2016). One hundred blood samples (50 for patients and 50 for control) were collected under the supervision of the treating gynecologist. The detection of Helicobacter. pylori was done by the use of the serum antibody Rapid test. The results showed that 50 (100%) were positive and 50 (100%) were negative for H. pylori in above method.All blood of patients and control samples were used for the extraction of genomic DNA,where the 107 bp PCR product size. Genotyping of the TNF-α-308 SNP (G/A)was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR (RFLP-PCR). PCR products were digested with restr NcoI iction enzyme. Individuals with the TNF-α-308(GG) homozygote produced digested DNA bands at 80,and 20 bp bp. A heterozygous genotype ofTNF-α-308 (GA)produced 107 bp,80 bp,and 20 bp bands. Individuals with the TNF-α-308 (AA) homozygote genotype had no amplicon digested and generated only one band of 107 bp. There was a significant difference in the frequency of the TNF-α-308(GG)genotype between H. pylori positive group and H. pylori negative group(72%,78% respectively). Also for GA genotype,there was a significant difference between H. pylori positive group and H. pylori negative group(24%,18% respectively). Concerning the frequency of the TNF-α-308 (AA)genotype between H. pylori positive group and H. pylori negative group,there was no significant difference between the two groups.

scholarly journals Comparison of intravenous sedation using midazolam during dental treatment in elderly patients with/without dementia: a prospective, controlled clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Tatsuno ◽  
Yoshinari Morimoto ◽  
Megumi Hayashi ◽  
Takatoshi Iida
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Intravenous Sedation ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Severe Dementia ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe effects of intravenous sedation with midazolam on the cerebral function of elderly patients with severe dementia are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate its effects on parameters such as brainwaves and cerebral blood flow (CBF) and compare them between elderly individuals with dementia and without cognitive impairment. Ten patients with severe dementia and 10 without cognitive impairment were registered. The bispectral index (BIS) and normalized tissue hemoglobin index (nTHI), which reflects CBF using near-infrared spectroscopy, were measured. Midazolam was administered until a Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score of 2 was reached. The chi-squared, Mann–Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and Friedman tests and multiple regression analysis were used for comparisons. Whereas a similar decline in BIS values was observed in both groups after midazolam administration (P < 0.018), there was a significant decrease by 9% in the nTHI of the dementia-positive group (P < 0.013). However, there was no significant difference in the nTHI between the dementia-positive and dementia-negative group according to the multiple regression analysis (P = 0.058). In the dementia-negative group, none of the measured values differed from the baseline values. In the dementia-positive group, sedation with midazolam resulted in a 9% decrease in the CBF.

scholarly journals Significance of nucleic acid positive anal swab in COVID-19 patients

Open Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-337
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Li ◽  
Lei Rong ◽  
Peiyan Zhang ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Yan Rong
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Pharyngeal Swab ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anal Swab

Abstract Aim We compared the clinical characteristics of patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive and negative anal swabs during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovery and investigated the clinical significance and influence factors of anal swab detection. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed 23 moderate COVID-19 patients in the recovery phase. They were divided into anal swab positive group (n = 13) (negative for pharyngeal swabs but positive for anal swabs) and anal swab negative group (n = 10) (negative for pharyngeal and anal swabs). The epidemiology, clinical symptoms, time of pharyngeal swabs turning negative, and laboratory results were compared. Results The time of pharyngeal swabs turning negative in the anal swab positive group was 6 (5–8.5) days, significantly longer than that in the anal swab negative group (1 (1–4.25) days), P = 0.0002). The platelet count of the anal swab positive group was significantly lower than that of the anal swab negative group (198 (135–235) × 109/L vs 240.5 (227–264.75) × 109/L, P = 0.0248). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in other variables. Conclusions The time of pharyngeal swab turning negative in anal swab positive patients is longer than that in anal swab negative patients. The platelet count can be used as an indicator for viral infection evaluation. For patients with a longer time of pharyngeal swabs turning negative, the combined testing of the anal swab and platelet counts may help to avoid pharyngeal swab false negatives, premature discharge, and the possibility of fecal-oral transmission.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Utility of Serum and Urine Biomarkers in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Gao ◽  
Li-Ping Lu ◽  
Zhi-Guo Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Type I ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Phospholipase A2 Receptor ◽  
The Future

Abstract Background Membranous nephropathy is an autoimmune nephropathy that is one of the most common pathological types of nephrotic syndrome. It is important to find and apply specific biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). However, there are limited data about their diagnostic value. Therefore, an overall meta-analysis helps to identify effective biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis of IMN. Methods A systematic literature search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science from inception until December 31, 2020. Two researchers searched for studies that met the inclusion criteria. The results of the joint study were expressed in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Results The meta-analysis included 24 studies with biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis of IMN, including phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), thrombospondin type I domain-containing 7A (THSD7A), lysosome membrane protein-2 (LIMP-2) and circular RNAs. The diagnostic efficiency of PLA2R for IMN had a combined sensitivity of 60% and a combined specificity of 100%. The diagnostic efficiency of THSD7A for IMN had a combined sensitivity of 3% and a combined specificity of 99%. The diagnostic efficiency of urinary LIMP-2 for IMN was 100%, and the specificity was 100%. The diagnostic efficiency of exosomal circRNAs for IMN was 100%, and the specificity was 100%. Conclusions This meta-analysis shows that PLA2R and THSD7A are of important diagnostic value for IMN. More studies are needed in the future to reveal the diagnostic value of LIMP-2 and circRNAs for IMN. At the same time, other new diagnostic biomarkers in IMN need to be found in the future.

Abstract 2753: Initial and 24h After Admisson DWI Can Predict Recurrence of Ischemic Event of TIA Patients

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Iguchi ◽  
Kazumi Kimura ◽  
Jyunya Aoki ◽  
Kazuto Kobayashi ◽  
Kenichiro Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Initial Examination ◽  
Ischemic Lesion ◽  
Ischemic Event ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Ischemic Attack

Background and Purpose Our aim is to investigate the diagnostic utility of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) for transient ischemic attack (TIA), not only admission but also 24 h after first study. Methods We prospectively enrolled TIA patients who were admitted within 24 h of onset. We examined trans-thoracic echocardiography, 24 h Holter electrocardiography, and carotid duplex ultrasonography in order to give the best medication. All of patients received DWI immediately after admission. At first, when we observed hyper-intense lesion considered as ischemia, additional DWI examination was not conducted. When there was no hyper-intense lesion on initial DWI study, we conducted follow-up DWI 24 h after initial examination. We defined a recurrence of ischemic event as an occurrence of symptomatic ischemic stroke or TIA at 3 months after onset. Regarding initial DWI study, we compared proportional frequency of recurrence between patients with ischemic lesion (i-positive group) and without any lesion (i-negative group), and also compared recurrence rate between patients with ischemic lesion on initial and/or follow-up studies (if-positive group) and without any lesion on both studies (if-negative group). Results We registered 100 TIA patients (men; 63, median age; 74 years, ABCD2 score <3; 32). On initial DWI study, 34 patients had ischemic lesion (i-positive group) and 66 had no lesion (i-negative group). Among 66 patients of i-negative group, 12 (19%) had hyper-intense lesion in follow-up study. Finally, there were 46 patients in if-positive group and 54 in if- negative. Recurrence ischemic event occurred in 19 (19%) of 100 patients. There was no significant difference of recurrence rate between i-positive and i-negative groups (27% vs. 16%, p=0.172). However, recurrence rate was significantly higher in if-positive group than these of if-negative group (29% vs. 12%, p=0.024) Conclusions New ischemic lesions on follow up DWI appeared in approximately 20% of TIA patients who did not have ischemic lesion on initial DWI. Only initial DWI but initial and follow-up DWI was important role of predicting the recurrence of ischemic events in TIA patients.

Evaluation of urinary γ-glutamyl transferase and serum creatinine in non-azotaemic hospitalised dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 185 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Perondi ◽  
Ilaria Lippi ◽  
Gianila Ceccherini ◽  
Veronica Marchetti ◽  
Grazia Guidi
Keyword(s):  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Roc Curve ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Intensive Care Unit Mortality ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Urine Protein ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Urinary and blood biomarkers for diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalised dogs were evalueted. This prospective study included 97 dogs, classified according to the International Renal Interest Society classification into no AKI and AKI grade 1 (48-hour increase in serum creatinine≥0.3 mg/dl and/or urinary production <1 ml/kg/hour for at least six hours). A total of 62 of 97 dogs (64 per cent) were classified as AKI 1. A statistically significant difference was found between no AKI and AKI 1 in urine protein to creatinine ratio, urinary γ-glutamyl transferase (uGGT) and uGGT/cu (P<0.0001). Thirteen of 97 dogs (13.4 per cent) that developed increased creatinine and change in AKI grade showed high mortality (n=9/13; 69.2 per cent). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of uGGT/cu index as a marker for AKI grade 1 had an area under the ROC curve of 0.78; optimal cut-off point was 57.50 u/g, with sensitivity and specificity of 75.4 per cent and 75.6 per cent, respectively. Overall intensive care unit mortality was 23.7 per cent (23/97), 13.4 per cent (13/97) of which died during hospitalisation and 10.3 per cent (10/97) within 28 days after discharge. uGGT is an acceptable marker for distinguishing between AKI 1 and no AKI.

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