Lack of concern about body image and health during pregnancy linked to excessive gestational weight gain and small-for-gestational-age deliveries: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Abstract Background Pregnant women in Japan express various reasons for limiting gestational weight gain (GWG). We aimed to identify and characterise groups where the women share common reasons to limit GWG and to examine how these groups are associated with inappropriate GWG and abnormal foetal size. Methods We prospectively studied information from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) on 92,539 women who gave birth to live singletons from 2011 through 2014. Pregnant women were recruited during early pregnancy. Their reasons for limiting GWG and other information were collected through self-reported questionnaires and medical records. We applied latent class analysis to group the women based on their reported reasons. We used multinomial logistic regression to compare the risks of inappropriate (inadequate and excessive) GWG and abnormal foetal size (determined by new-born weight for gestational age) between the identified groups. Results We identified three groups: Group 1 (76.7%), concerned about delivery and new-born health (health-conscious women); Group 2 (14.5%), concerned about body shape, delivery, and new-born health (body-shape- and health-conscious women); and Group 3 (8.8%), women without strong reasons to limit GWG (women lacking body-shape and health consciousness). Compared with Group 1 members, Group 2 members tended to be younger, have lower pre-pregnancy weight, be unmarried, be nulliparous, have practiced weight loss before pregnancy, and not have chronic medical conditions. Group 3 members tended to be less educated, unmarried, multiparous, smokers, and have a higher prevalence of pre-pregnancy underweight and previous caesarean delivery. Relative to Group 1, Group 2 had a lower unadjusted risk for inadequate GWG (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.81–0.90) and large-for-gestational-age birth (RRR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.86–0.97), whereas Group 3 had a higher unadjusted risk for excessive GWG (RRR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.29–1.43) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births (RRR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.05–1.25). Conclusions In this Japanese nationwide birth cohort study, pregnant women who were less conscious about body shape and health had complex risks for excessive GWG and SGA birth. Health care providers should consider a woman’s perception of GWG when addressing factors affecting GWG and foetal growth.

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Rate of gestational weight gain trajectory is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980020002372 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (18) ◽

pp. 3304-3314

Author(s):

Heng Yaw Yong ◽

Zalilah Mohd Shariff ◽

Geeta Appannah ◽

Zulida Rejali ◽

Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Caesarean Delivery ◽

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Obese Women ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Adverse Pregnancy ◽

Group 1

AbstractObjective:To examine the gestational weight gain (GWG) trajectory and its possible association with pregnancy outcomes.Design:GWG trajectories were identified using the latent class growth model. Binary logistic regression was performed to examine the associations between adverse pregnancy outcomes and these trajectories.Setting:Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.Participants:Two thousand one hundred ninety-three pregnant women.Results:Three GWG trajectories were identified: ‘Group 1 – slow initial GWG but followed by drastic GWG’, ‘Group 2 – maintaining rate of GWG at 0·58 kg/week’ and ‘Group 3 – maintaining rate of GWG at 0·38 kg/week’. Group 1 had higher risk of postpartum weight retention (PWR) (adjusted OR (AOR) 1·02, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·04), caesarean delivery (AOR 1·03, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·04) and having low birth weight (AOR 1·04, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·05) compared with group 3. Group 2 was at higher risk of PWR (AOR 1·18, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·21), preterm delivery (AOR 1·03, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·05) and caesarean delivery (AOR 1·02, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·03), but at lower risk of having small-for-gestational-age infants (AOR 0·97, 95 % CI 0·96, 0·99) compared with group 3. The significant associations between group 1 and PWR were observed among non-overweight/obese women; between group 1 and caesarean delivery among overweight/obese women; group 2 with preterm delivery and caesarean delivery were only found among overweight/obese women.Conclusions:Higher GWG as well as increasing GWG trajectories was associated with higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Promoting GWG within the recommended range should be emphasised in antenatal care to prevent the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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Effect of gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcome of Indian mothers

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20201244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1681

Author(s):

Keyur Patel ◽

Megha Chaudhary ◽

Maitri Shah

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Pregnancy Outcome ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

P Value ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Background: Gestational weight gain (GWG) and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) play important roles in determining the pregnancy outcome. The weight gain recommendations by the IOM are based on Western WHO BMI cut-offs, making it difficult to generalize their findings to Asian Indians. We aimed to compare GWG among healthy pregnant women across different BMI with the IOM guidelines-2009. We also aimed to evaluate associated feto-maternal outcomes with GWG among the pregnant women enrolled in the study.Methods: A retrospective cohort study conducted at department of obstetrics and gynecology, from April 2019 to November 2019. Postnatal mothers whose weight was registered at first trimester of pregnancy and at term and delivered in SSG hospital were included. According to IOM Women were divided into: Group 1 less than recommended weight gain and Group 2 recommended weight gain.Results: Significant difference was seen in the baby weight between the two groups (p value <0.05). 92.75% of babies had low birth weight in Group 1 as compared to 42.21% in Group 2. On performing univariate logistic regression, significant association was seen between GWG and low birth weight (p <0.05), no association was seen between GWG and caesarean (p value >0.05), and no association was seen between GWG and preterm deliveries (p >0.05).Conclusions: Majority of patients in the both groups had term delivery. Women gaining less than recommended weight gain during pregnancy had new born with significantly lower birth weight. There was no association of mode of deliveries and GWG.

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Vermal Length and Transcerebellar Diameter in Gestational Age Estimation: A Guide to Forensic Expert

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1697895 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 08 (03) ◽

pp. 101-105

Author(s):

Nadia Ahmad ◽

S. L. Jethani ◽

Deepa Singh ◽

Ruchira Nautiyal

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Age Determination ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Group 4 ◽

Age Regression ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Gestational Age Estimation ◽

Formalin Fixed ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background Transcerebellar diameter is one of the reliable, constant predicting parameters to assess the gestational age and fetal growth. Other than this, measurements of vermis, mostly the vermal length (height), have also been mentioned by authors to assess gestational age. Establishing a correlation between parameters and advancing gestation would be helpful in estimating the gestational age of fetus. Aims and Objectives To establish a correlation of vermal length and transcerebellar diameter with gestational age. Materials and Methods An observational and descriptive study conducted on 60 formalin-fixed human cerebellums. Fetuses with gross congenital/neurological abnormality were excluded. Fetuses were grouped into four groups—group 1 (13–17 weeks), group 2 (18–22 weeks), group 3 (23–27 weeks), and group 4 (28–32 weeks of gestation). Vermal length and transcerebellar diameter were measured with help of Vernier calipers. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical software SPSS version 20.0 and one-way analysis of variance. Observation A linear increase in vermal length parameters and transcerebellar diameter were seen with increasing gestational age. Regression analysis was done and regression equation was derived for each parameter. Conclusion Such correlations would help in fetal age determination in the field of forensic studies.

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Reproductive health of women after abdominal delivery living in different regions of the Kyrgyz Republic

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kmj2018-291 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 291-296

Author(s):

A E Samigullina ◽

V A Vybornykh

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Medical Institute ◽

Kyrgyz Republic ◽

Third Place ◽

The Third ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Abdominal Delivery ◽

Group 1

Aim. Study of somatic and obstetric and gynecologic morbidity of women of the Kyrgyz Republic after Cesarean section. Methods. Retrospective cohort study was conducted in 2016 in Kyrgyz state medical institute of retraining and advanced training. Three regions of the Kyrgyz Republic were selected: Bishkek, Jalal-Abad and Issyk-Kul regions. 908 pregnant women after abdominal delivery were chosen as the subject of the study and divided into three groups: group 1 (Bishkek) - 305 pregnant women, group 2 (Jalal-Abad region) - 300 females, group 3 (Issyk-Kul region) - 303 females. The age was 15 to 49 years. The incidence of gynecologic and extragenital pathology and complications during previous pregnancies were studied. Results. Gynecologic pathology in past medical history was revealed in 15.8% of females, while women from group 1 are statistically significantly more likely to have gynecologic diseases than women from group 3. Females from group 2 had gynecologic pathology more rarely. In the structure of gynecologic incidence, sexually transmitted infections take the first place, cervical ectopy takes the second place and uterine fibroids - the third place. Extragenital pathology was detected in 38.2% of pregnant women. In its structure the first ranked place is taken by urinary tract diseases (12.3%), the second one - by infectious and parasitic diseases (11.6%), and the third place - by cardiovascular diseases (3.2%). Pathological course of pregnancy was also more frequent in group 1 than in group 2; there was no significant difference with group 3. Spontaneous abortion interrupted previous pregnancy in 19.8% of women, 5% had premature births, significantly more frequently in group 1, as well as preeclampsia. Conclusion. The most unfavorable region is the city of Bishkek, female residents of Jalal-Abad region are less susceptible to diseases; in general, gynecologic pathology was revealed in 15.8% of females, extragenital pathology - in 38.2% of pregnant women; pathological course of pregnancy was statistically more frequent in group 1 than in group 2, without significant difference with group 3.

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Evaluation of Iron Status, Haemoglobin and Protein Levels of Pregnant Women in Owerri Metropolis

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i27a31491 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 36-43

Author(s):

I. L. Okoroiwu ◽

Jane Ugochi Chinedu-Madu ◽

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu ◽

C. C. N. Vincent ◽

O. M. T. B. Ochiabuto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Serum Iron ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Iron Status ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Group 3 ◽

The Mean ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

The study was done to determine iron status, haemoglobin and protein levels of pregnant women in owerri metropolis. A total of 100 pregnant women were recruited for this study. The mean Hb levels in group 1, group 2, and group 3· were 12.00±1.68g/dl, 10.06±1.J4g/dl and 10.96±1.19g/dl respectively. The mean Serum ferritin level of group 1 was 67.00±88.38ng/ml, group 2, 52.48±52.47ng/ml and group 3, 51.26±48.70ng/ml. The mean Serum iron in group 1, 2 and 3 were 46.72±16.41 g/dl, 79.59±63.24 g/dl and 83.35±53.04 g/dl respectively. In group 1, 2 and 3 the mean results. ( g/dl) of TIBC were 295.58 ± 109.53, 324.06 ± 178.00 and 319.88 ± 92.95 and % T.S (%) were 18.78 ± 11.77,26.59 ± 19.40 and 17.97 ± 10.87 percent respectively. The mean total protein was group 1,6.83±l1.77g/dl, group 2,6.39±0.70g/dl and group 3, 6.39 ±0.98 g/dl while the mean albumin (g/dl) in group 1, 2 and 3 were 4.84±0.47, 4.13±0.28 and 4.14±0.29 respectively. The mean values of globulin (g/dl) were 1.98 ± 0.91, 2.29 ± 0.87 and 1.89 ± 0.90 in groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. As gestational age increased; serum ferritin, total protein, and albumin levels decreased while serum" iron and TIBC increased. The differences in the mean results between the groups were statistically significant (p<0.05) while % T.S and globulin levels when compared showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Iron status showed no statistical difference with increasing parity (p>0.05). However, from this study iron deficiency anaemia was most prevalent in second trimester; hence iron status estimation should be an integral part of routine antenatal care test during second trimester of each pregnancy for proper assessment and management of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy.

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M86. CAN WEIGHT GAIN CAUSE METABOLIC SYNDROME A DECADE LATER IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER?

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.398 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S167-S167

Author(s):

Moradi Hawar ◽

Lars Helldin ◽

Anna-Karin Olsson ◽

Pontén Anna

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Life Time ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder ◽

Group 4 ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder have a reduced life time expectancy with up to 20 years. Obesity and metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent and cardio vascular disease, CVD, remain the most common cause of the excess mortality. Despite studies showing the reduced life time expectancy and its causes the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder yet remain to benefit of the development of the healthcare. In this study we aim to focus on how the weight changes in different age groups and when do the cluster of conditions of metabolic syndrome start to occur. Methods In this naturalistic study we follow 71 patients, 47 man and 24 women diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. We divided the patients into 5 different groups based on age. Group 1 aged 20–30 years, Group 2 aged 31–40 years, Group 3 aged 41–50 years, group 4 aged 51–60 years and Group 5 aged 61 years and elder. The longest time of observation was 18 years. Data on weight (kg) and disorders such as diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia were collected at baseline and then yearly thereafter. Data from baseline and the last yearly follow up were included in this study. Weight and the presence of the cluster of conditions that make up metabolic syndrome in the above-mentioned groups were analyzed. Results Patients in group 1 make the highest gain of weight with 0, 9 kg per year and group 2 with the least gain of weight only 0, 01 kg per year. Patients in group 3 have a weight loss of 0, 2 kg per year. At endpoint 9 out 19 patients in group 3 and 11 out of 21 patients in group 4 were treated for one, two or three conditions of the metabolic syndrome. Discussion In our study we show that weight gain appears at least 10 years before the development of metabolic syndrome. Despite the loss of weight that appear in group 3 the negative effects of the weight gained a decade earlier may be a factor that make patients aged 41 years and older to be at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

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Gestational Weight Gain and Pregnancy Outcomes among Nulliparous Women

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1696640 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Annie M. Dude ◽

William Grobman ◽

David Haas ◽

Brian M. Mercer ◽

Samuel Parry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Excessive Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Hypertensive Disorders

Abstract Objective To determine the association between total gestational weight gain and perinatal outcomes. Study Design Data from the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-To-Be (NuMoM2b) study were used. Total gestational weight gain was categorized as inadequate, adequate, or excessive based on the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines. Outcomes examined included hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, mode of delivery, shoulder dystocia, large for gestational age or small for-gestational age birth weight, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Results Among 8,628 women, 1,666 (19.3%) had inadequate, 2,945 (34.1%) had adequate, and 4,017 (46.6%) had excessive gestational weight gain. Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with higher odds of hypertensive disorders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78–2.36) Cesarean delivery (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09–1.41), and large for gestational age birth weight (aOR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.23–1.80), but lower odds of small for gestational age birth weight (aOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.50–0.71). Conversely, inadequate gestational weight gain was associated with lower odds of hypertensive disorders (aOR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62–0.92), Cesarean delivery (aOR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.65–0.92), and a large for gestational age birth weight (aOR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55–0.94), but higher odds of having a small for gestational age birth weight (aOR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.37–1.96). Conclusion Both excessive and inadequate gestational weight gain are associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.

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The effects of intrafetal ACTH administration on the outcome of pregnancy in the mare

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/r98045 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 359 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. C. Ousey ◽

P. D. Rossdale ◽

F. E. Dudan ◽

A. L. Fowden

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Plasma Cortisol ◽

Maternal Plasma ◽

Sterile Water ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Gestational Length ◽

Adrenocortical Activity ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Enhanced adrenocortical activity in the fetus is related to the onset of parturition in many species. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of injection of fetal ACTH on gestational length and fetal viability in the horse. Pony mares (n=23) were studied from 300 days gestation. Seven control mares (Group 1) received three consecutive intrafetal injections of sterile water, while fetuses of a further 16 mares received Depot ACTH1–24. These mares were either allowed to foal spontaneously (Group 2, n=4) or delivery was induced within 3 days of the last fetal injection (Group 3, n=7); 5 mares aborted within 48 h of intrafetal ACTH injection. Maternal plasma progestagen concentrations increased significantly (P<0.05) in Groups 2 and 3 mares following intrafetal ACTH injection, compared with Group 1 mares. All Group 1 mares delivered live foals at a median gestational age of 327 days (interquartile range, 323–334), except one that aborted 16 days after the last fetal injection. Gestational length was significantly (P<0.05) shortened in Group 2 mares (median 314 [312–314]) days compared with controls. Group 1 and Group 2 foals showed normal postnatal adaptive responses and endocrine (plasma cortisol/progestagens) patterns. Group 3 mares delivered live foals at 306 (306–308) days gestation except one that aborted. Their foals were less mature compared with Groups 1 and 2 foals. Eight ACTH-injected fetuses were meconium-stained at delivery, including four that were aborted. Eight mares had thickened placentae, including three that aborted. The data show that both precocious maturation of the equine fetus and a significant reduction in gestational length compared with controls may be achieved in pony mares by intrafetal ACTH injections. This is probably mediated via adrenal regulation of fetal maturation and production of maternal progestagens.

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Neonatal Problems and Infancy Growth of Term SGA Infants: Does “SGA” Definition Need to Be Re-evaluated?

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2021.660111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Saygin Abali ◽

Serdar Beken ◽

Eda Albayrak ◽

Aysegul Inamlik ◽

Burcu Bulum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Severe Hypoglycemia ◽

Point Of View ◽

Control Group ◽

Term Infants ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Definition Of ◽

Neonatal Problems ◽

Group 1

Introduction: The exact definition of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant is still controversial among clinicians. In this study, we aimed to understand which definition is better in terms of establishing both early postnatal problems and growth. In this way, we compared early neonatal problems and infancy growth of term infants with birth weight (BW) < -2 SDS and with BW between 10th percentile (−1.28 SDS) and −2 SDS.Methods: A single center retrospective cohort study was conducted. Preterm infants, multiple gestations and newborns with any congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. Study group was defined as Group 1 (n = 37), infants BW < −2.00 SDS; Group 2 (n = 129), between −1.28 and −2.00 SDS; and Group 3 (n = 137), randomly selected newborns with optimal-for-gestational-age (BW between −0.67 and +0.67 SDS) as a control group.Results: The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was highest in Group 1 (%10.8) and Group 2 and 3 had similar rates of severe hypoglycemia (0.8 and 0.7%, respectively). The incidence of polycythemia was 5.4% in Group 1 and was significantly higher than Group 3 (0.0%) while it was 2.3% in Group 2. Short stature (length < −2 SDS) ratio at the age of 1 and 2 years were similar in each group. Overweight/obesity ratio at the age of 1 were 9.5, 20.8 and 16.7% in each group, respectively (p = 0.509).Conclusion: This study was planned as a pilot study to determine potential differences in the problems of hypoglycemia, polycythemia, and growth according to the differences in definition. Short term disturbances such as hypoglycemia and polycythemia are found to be higher in infants with a BW SDS below −2. From this point of view, of course, it will not be possible to change the routine applications immediately, however this study will be an initiative for discussions by making long-term studies.

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A role of comprehensive cervix assessment in the first trimester of pregnancy for predicting preterm delivery

Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproduction ◽

10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2020.094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 174-181

Author(s):

V. G. Volkov ◽

O. V. Chursina

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

First Trimester ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Singleton Pregnancy ◽

Group 4 ◽

First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Delivery Term ◽

Group 1

Aim: to improve efficacy of predicting preterm labor in the first trimester of pregnancy by combining diverse parameters of cervical ultrasound examination.Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study of 1517 women with uncomplicated pregnancy was performed. Inclusion criteria were: females underwent cervicometry at 11–14 weeks of gestation, singleton pregnancy, revealing no complaints at the onset of examination. All women were subdivided into four groups: Group 1 – 27 pregnant women with shortened cervix (less than 30 mm); Group 2 – 24 pregnant women without cervical gland area (СGA); Group 3 – 30 pregnant women with two risk factors (shortened cervix less than 30 mm and lacked СGA); Group 4 (control) consisted of 1436 pregnant women with cervix length exceeding 30 mm and presence of СGA.Results. Average delivery term in Group 1 was 35.7 weeks (95 % CI = 34.7–36.8), in Group 2 – 34.7 weeks (95 % CI = 33.59–35.0), in Group 3 – 33.23 weeks (95 % CI = 31.6–34.8), in Group 4 (control) – 38.11 weeks (95 % CI = 38.06–38.17). A significant moderate correlation (Rxy = 0.534) between shortened cervix, absence of СGA and delivery term was found (p < 0.001). A regression model consisting of cervical length and presence of СGA was simulated based upon 50.8 % factors underlying probability of preterm birth, revealing 42.6 % sensitivity, 99.1 % specificity, and 96.6 % overall diagnostic value. The area under the ROC curve was 0.902 ± 0.022 (95 % CI = 0.860–0.945). The data obtained reflect diverse biochemical changes such as collagen decomposition, altered glucosamine level and fluid amount within cervical tissues. Such processes result in shortened, softened and expanded (matured) cervix. Uncovering markers for preterm cervical maturation underlies a logical strategy to predict miscarriage.Conclusion. Untrasound cervical measurement in the first trimester of pregnancy allows for revealing valuable miscarriage predictors (shortened cervix and absence of GI). Risk assessment by combining diverse ultrasound cervix parameters would allow to improve overall predictive efficacy.

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